The present tense

1
The present tense

• The meaning
• The formation 1
• The formation 2
• Conjugations
• Irregulars
• Present vs. perfect
• Look to the principle part!
• Exempla
• Cautions

2
The present tense use

• The present tense is translated
• -he _________s
• -he is ________ ing
• -he used to_________
• index

3
The Present tense is formed by using the 1st and
2nd principle parts of the verb

• Porto, portare, portavi, portatus
• Doceo, docere, docui, doctus
• Mitto, mittere, misi, missus
• Audio, audire, audivi, auditus
• index Then what?

4
The endings give the directions

• If the 1st two forms show
• -o, -are, the present ending is at porto,
  portare portat
• -eo, -ere is et doceo, docere docet
• -o, -ere is it mitto, mittere mittit
• -io, -ire is also it audio, audire audit
• A few important verbs use io, -ere, but they
  show it as well
• rapio, rapere rapit
• index

5
Conjugations

• These distinctions among verb types are known as
  conjugations, and are numbered
• 1st Porto, portare, portavi, portatus
• 2nd Doceo, docere, docui, doctus
• 3rd Mitto, mittere, misi, missus
• 4th Audio, audire, audivi, auditus
• (3rd io) rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus
• index What about irregulars?

6
Irregular presents

• Fero, ferre, tuli, latus fert
• Eo, ire, ivi, itus it
• Possum, posse, potui potest
• Volo, velle, volui vult
• Sum esse, fui est
• Fio, fieri, factus sum fit
• These irregulars compounds follow the same rules
  
• refert, exit, adest, mavult, profit
• index

7
Present vs. perfectthe it dilemma

• The challenge in learning the present endings is
  that now the ending it has two jobs. In some
  situations -it expresses the present and in other
  situations the perfect tense.
• How do you tell?
• Look to the principle part!
• index

8
The principle part is the answer

• When a verb ends in it, the question is to
  which principle part is the it added?
• To the first?then the verb is present
• To the third?--then it is perfect
• pono, ponere, posui, positus
• ponit present posuit perfect
• mitto, mittere, misi, missus
• mittit present, misit perfect
• Further exempla index

9
Exempla of present and perfect forms in -it

• Curro, currere, cucurri, cursus
• curr it present he runs
• cucurri t perfect he ran
• Accedo, accedere, accessi, accessurus
• acced it present it approaches
• accessi t perfect it approached
• Audio, audire, audivi, auditus
• aud it present she hears
• audivi t perfect she hears
• Index cautions

10
Cautions

• Some verbs only distinguish tenses by means of a
  long vowel
• invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus
• invenit he finds invenit he found
• A very few verbs show no difference in form
• bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus
• bibit she drinks or she drank
• (cf. she put it down today, he put down in
  yesterday)
• index