Area Studies The Middle East

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Area Studies The Middle East
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Overview

• Middle Eastern Overview
• History of US Involvement
• Military AOR
• U.S. Interests
• Arab-Israeli Conflict

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History of US Involvement

• Early European involvement
• France invasion of Egypt 1798-1802
• 19th Century colonial powers
• WW I
• Borders

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Middle East Treaty Organization Baghdad Pact, 1955

• Great Britain, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan
  sign METO
• Deter Soviet expansionism
• US joins, Iraq withdraws1959
• HQ moves to Ankaraname change to Central Treaty
  Organization (CENTO)
• CENTO dissolves in 1979 after Iran and Pakistan
  withdraw

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Operation Nickel GrassYom Kippur War , 1973

• On 6 October 1973 an Egyptian/Syrian coalition
  launched a two-prong attack on Israel
• Israel held but ran low on supplies
• US provides airlift weapons supply via Lajes
• US airlifted over 22,000 tons of supplies and
  equipment

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Camp David Peace Accords

• Israel Egypt Sept. 17, 1978
• President Carter, Camp David, MD
• Begin Sadat
• First peace treaty between Israel and an Arab
  country

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Iranian Hostage Crisis

• Nov. 4, 1979 500 Iranian students seize the US
  Embassy in Tehran
• Response to US allowing Shah in for treatment
• 52 Hostages held 444 days
• Operation Eagle Claweight killed
• Ruined Carters re-election chance
• Released day Reagan sworn in

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Gulf War

• Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 2 Aug 1990
• Desert Shield deployment begins 7 Aug 1990
• Desert Storm Air Campaign 16 Jan 1991
• 100 hour ground war 23 Feb 1991
• Cease fire 3 Mar 1991

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Terrorism

• State sponsored terrorism appears to have
  declined over the past five years
• Transnational groupswith decentralized
  leadership that makes them harder to identify and
  disruptare emerging
• Usama bin Ladin
• Hamas and Hizballah joining forces

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Terrorism

• Terrorists are becoming more operationally adept
  and more technically sophisticated in order to
  defeat counter terrorism measures.
• For example, as we have increased security around
  government and military facilities, terrorists
  are seeking out "softer" targets that provide
  opportunities for mass casualties

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Post War

• DESERT STRIKE
• DESERT THUNDERDESERT FOXShining Presence
• Phoenix Scorpion I-IV
• Desert Focus
• Vigilant Warrior
• Vigilant Sentinel
• Intrinsic Action
• Desert Spring
• Iris Gold
• Pacific Haven/Quick Transit
• Provide Comfort I-II
• Northern Watch
• Southern Watch
• Enduring Freedom
• Iraqi Freedom

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Military AOR

• USCENTCOM
• Headquarters MacDill AFB FL

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US Interests
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Persian Gulf War
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Arab Israeli Conflict
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Other Middle Eastern Issues
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Summary

• Middle Eastern Overview
• History of US Involvement
• Military AOR
• U.S. Interests
• Arab-Israeli Conflict

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Questions