What%20is%20Integrated%20Pest%20Management%20(IPM)%20?

1
What is Integrated Pest Management(IPM) ?
2
Learning Objectives

• Create an understanding of IPM
• Importance of IPM to Producers
• Importance of IPM to the environment
• Importance of IPM to human health and safety
• What are IPM strategies
• Advantages and limitations to IPM

3
Why Study IPM?

• Why a new approach to pest management is
  needed
• 1920s cotton pest management
• Pesticide Treadmill of 1960s 1970s
• Pesticide resistance
• Secondary pest outbreaks
• Environmental concerns
• IPM concept reborn in 1970s

4
IPM is

• A pest management philosophy that utilizes all
  suitable pest management techniques and methods
  to keep pest populations below economically
  injurious levels. Each pest management technique
  must be environmentally sound and compatible with
  producer objectives.

5
A pest management philosophy..

• Recognizes there is no cure-all in pest
  control.
• Dependence on any one pest management method will
  have undesirable effects.
• Determine and correct the cause of the pest
  problem.
• Understanding Pest biology and ecology is
  essential.
• Manipulate the environment to the crops
  advantage and to the detriment of the pest.
• Recognizes that eradication of a pest is seldom
  necessary or even desirable, and generally not
  possible.
• Some damage is unavoidable and acceptable

6
IPM is a continuum, not an end.
Good
Fair
Better
Poor
Best
7
Utilizes all suitable pest management
tactics..

• Pesticides
• Cultural
• Mechanical
• Sanitary
• Natural
• Biological
• Host Plant Resistance

NOTE Some tactics fall Into several categories.
8
Should Pesticides be used in an IPM Program?

• Pesticides can to be used in an IPM program,
  however only as a last resort and of course in a
  manner that is legal.
• Pesticides are to be used when there is no risk
  of environmental damage or when benefits outweigh
  the risks. Use pesticides only when other control
  practices arent available, economical or
  practical.
• Must monitor pest populations in the field.
• Identify the pest
• Compare pest population and the economic
  threshold
• Life stage susceptible to pesticide?
• Crop stage and preventable loss.

9
What is Cultural Control

• Agronomic practices that are designed to
• Optimize growing conditions for the crop.
  Anything that increases a crops competitive edge
  will result in increased tolerance to pests often
  resulting in reduced pesticide use.
• Create unfavorable conditions for the pest

10
What is Mechanical Control?

• Uses machinery and/or other tools to control
  pests
• Tillage
• Physical barriers

11
What is Sanitary Control?

• Methods to avoid introducing a pest into a field
• Cleaning field equipment
• Planting certified seed
• Quarantines

12
What is Natural Control?

• Enhancement of naturally occurring pest
  management methods
• Beneficial insects
• Beneficial diseases

13
What is Biological Control?

• Manipulation of biological organism to control
  pests
• Release of predators/parasites/disease of an
  insect or weed
• Can be time consuming, expensive and difficult

14
What is Host Plant Resistance?

• Manipulating the crop to withstand or tolerate
  pests
• Natural breeding method
• Genetically modified plants
• Not a permanent method of control
• Examples Glandular-haired Alfalfa, Bt Corn,

15
To Keep Pests Below the Economic Injury Level

• Economic Injury Level
• Cost of control amount of damage caused by
  the pest
• Includes amount of pest damage
• Cost of each control practice
• Are determined through extensive research
• Economic Injury Level is the information that is
  necessary to develop an Economic Threshold, which
  is used by crop advisors

16
Economic Threshold

• Pest Population at which a grower must take
  action to prevent a pest populations from
  reaching the economic injury level
• Economic threshold is slightly below the economic
  injury level
• Pest populations must be increasing

17
Economic Injury Level
Economic Threshold
Pest Density
Pest Population
Time
18
Economic Threshold Example European Corn Borer
on Corn

• Field Sampling Data needed
• plants infested
• Ave. number of larvae/plant
• Crop Management Data Needed
• Expected yield (bu/A)
• Expected selling price of the crop
• Cost of pest control

19
1st Generation European Corn BorerEconomic
Threshold Worksheet

• ___ of 100 plants infested x ___average of
  borers/plantA ___average borers/plant.
• ___average borers/plant x 5 yield loss per borer
  ___ yield loss.
• ___ yield loss x ___expected yield (bu/A) ___
  bu/A loss
• ___bu/A loss x ___ expected selling price/bu
  ___ loss/A
• __ loss/A x___ controlB ___ preventable
  loss/A
• ___ preventable loss/A - ___cost of control/A
  gain () or loss (-) per acre if treatment is
  applied
• A Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.
• B Assume 80 control for most products

20
1st Generation European Corn BorerEconomic
Threshold Worksheet

• 0.67 ( of 100 plants infested) X 2 (average of
  borers/plant)A 1.34 (average borers/plant).
• 1.34 (average borers/plant) X 5 ( yield loss per
  borer) 0.067 ( yield loss).
• 0.67 ( yield loss) x 120 (expected yield in
  bu/A) 8.04 (bu/A loss)
• 8.04 bu/A loss x 2.25 expected selling price/bu
  18.09 loss/A
• 18.09 (loss/A) x 80 ( controlB) 14.47
  (preventable loss/A)
• 14.47 (preventable loss/A) - 15.00 (cost of
  control/A) - 0.53 (gain () or loss (-) per
  acre if treatment is applied)
• A Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.
• B Assume 80 control for most products

21
Potato Leafhopper Threshold for Alfalfa
Alfalfa Height Economic Threshold (leafhoppers/sweep)
lt 3 inches 0.2/sweep
6 inches 0.5/sweep
8-11 inches 1.0/sweep
gt 12 inches 2.0/sweep
22
Economic Threshold Concept doesnt work for all
pests and pest types

• Insects
• Weeds
• Diseases

23
Each Pest Control Technique Must be
Environmentally SoundRisk vs. Benefits
24
AndCompatible with With Producers Objectives
25
What IPM Is and Isnt

• Stresses a multi disciplinary approach to pest
  management
• Entomology
• Plant Pathology
• Nematology
• Weed Science
• Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy)
• Soil Science
• Ecology

26
IPM is not static

• New Pests
• Soybean aphids, bean leaf beetle,
• New Races/strains of pests
• Western corn rootworm
• Weed Species shifts
• Roundup ready technology
• Tillage system
• Pesticide Resistance
• Colorado Potato Beetle
• Common lambsquarters

27
Four Basic Principles of IPM

• 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and
  the environment and their interrelationships
• 2) Requires advanced planning
• 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control
  practices
• 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest
  conditions

28
1a. Understanding Crop Growth and Development

• How do you grow a healthy
• crop?
• When is the crop most
• susceptible to pest damage?
• When is the crop under stress?

29

• 1b. Understanding the Pest
• Proper ID
• Understanding of Pest Life cycle
• When is it present
• When is it most susceptible to control-
• Weak Link

30
Meadow Spittlebug nymph
Potato Leafhopper nymph
31
Giant foxtail
Large crabgrass
32
1c. Understanding the Pest and Their Life Cycle

• When is the pest present
• When is it most susceptible to
• control-Weak Link
• When is too late to control

33
1d. Understanding the Environment

• How does it affect crop growth
• Stress
• Time within susceptible stage
• How it affects pest development
• High mortality
• High survival

34
Basic Principles of IPM

• 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and
  the environment and their interrelationships
• 2) Requires Advanced Planning
• 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control
  practices
• 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest
  conditions

35
Basic Principles of IPM

• 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and
  the environment and their interrelationships
• 2) Requires Advanced Planning
• 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control
  practices
• 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest
  conditions

36
Basic Principles of IPM

• 1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and
  the environment and their interrelationships
• 2) Requires Advanced Planning
• 3) Balances cost/benefits of all control
  practices
• 4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest
  conditions

37
Potato leafhopper scouting

• Equipment
• 15 in diameter insect sweep net.
• Timing
• Start on regrowth of second crop alfalfa
• Frequency
• Scout once each week.
• Scouting pattern
• walk a W-shaped pattern in the field

38
Potato leafhopper scouting

• Take 20 consecutive sweeps in each of 5 areas
  along the W-shaped pattern (100 total sweeps)
• Count the total number of Potato leafhopper
  nymphs and adults divide by 100 (total number of
  sweeps)

39
Potato Leafhopper Economic Threshold
Alfalfa height Treat if PLH number are or gt than listed
3 inches 0.2/sweep
6 inches 0.5/sweep
8-11 inches 1.0/sweep
gt 12 inches 2.0/sweep
40
Benefits of an IPM Program

• Protects environment through elimination of
  unnecessary pesticide applications
• Improves Profitability
• Reduces risk of crop loss by a pest
• Peace of Mind

41
Disadvantages of an IPM Program

• Requires a higher degree of management
• More labor intensive
• Success can be weather dependent

42
Career opportunities in IPM

• Crop Advisors
• Independent
• Industry
• Ag. Industries
• Sales (chemical, seed)
• Research
• Technical services
• Teaching
• Cooperative Extension
• High school
• Technical college

43
Education

• 2 or 4 year degree
• Major Field of Study
• Agronomy
• Soil Science
• Areas of interest
• Weed science
• Entomology
• Plant Pathology

44
Possible coursework

• Crop Management
• Weed Management
• Entomology
• Plant Nutrition
• Soil Conservation
• Ecology
• Plant Pathology
• Plant Physiology
• Business Management