Images of World War II

1
Images of World War II
Man of the Year 1938
2
Images of World War II
3
Images of World War II
4
Images of World War II
5
Images of World War II
6
Images of World War II
7
Images of World War II
8
Images of World War II
9
Images of World War II
10
Images of World War II
11
Images of World War II
12
From Neutrality to War

• 1933-1941

13
Introduction

• U.S. Isolationism
• Tradition since G. Washington
• From WWI Why?

14
Foreign Policy in the 1920s

• International Finance
• U.S. leading creditor nation
• Dawes and Young Plans for Germany
• Washington Naval Conference, 1921-22
• 5531.67
• Japan unhappy but
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
• Ratified 85-1 by the Senate

15
1930s

• Stimson Doctrine (1931)
• Japan invades Manchuria
• Non-recognition
• Based on Open Door
• FDRs Foreign Policy

16
The Neutrality Acts

• 1935, 1936, 1937
• The Origin
• The Nye Committee
• Walter Millis The Road to War

17
Neutrality Act of 1935 (August)

• Response to Italys attack on Ethiopia
• President empowered to
• Declare when a war exists and identify the
  belligerents
• Declare an embargo on arms sales to all
  belligerents
• Tell U.S. citizens they travel at their own
  risk on ships of belligerent nations

18
Neutrality Act of 1936 (Feb)

• Expands 1935 law to include
• Loans
• Credits

19
Neutrality Act of 1937

• Continued ban on arms, loans and credit
• Included civil wars (Spain)
• President authorized to embargo strategic
  materials
• Oil
• Aviation gas
• Steel and scrap iron

20
Neutrality Act of 1937

• U.S. Citizens Forbidden to travel on the ships of
  belligerent nations

21
The Neutrality Acts in Review

• Origin in concern over involvement in WWI
• Fueled by Isolationists desire to avoid another
  WWI
• Forbid U.S. trade, especially in arms and
  strategic materials to belligerent nations
• Made no distinction between aggressor and
  victim.

22
The Road to War1937-1941

• Outbreak of war complicated the U.S. neutrality
  and the Neutrality Acts
• July, 1937 Japan Invades China
• No doubt whose side we were on
• Open Door Policy
• Japanese expansion threatens U.S. interests in
  the Pacific Philippines, Hawaii, etc

23
The Road to War1937-1941

• Neutrality Acts prohibited aid to both sides
• No distinction between aggressor and victim

24
The Road to War1937-1941

• FDR Refuses to recognize a state of war
• Japan never declared war officially
• U.S. can send aid to China
• Unintended consequence Japan can buy whatever it
  wants from the U.S.

25
The Road to War1937-1941

• September 1, 1939 Germany Invades Poland
  Blitzkrieg!
• Beginning of WWII in Europe
• Britain and France declare war on Germany
• No doubt whose side U.S. is on
• Knew much but not all about Hitler and Nazi
  Germany
• Knew it was a genuine case of making the world
  safe for democracy

26
The Road to War1937-1941

• Congress Amends Neutrality Acts
• Cash and Carry
• First for non-military goods
• Nov. 1939 military goods too
• No loans or credits
• Buyer must pick it up
• Helps Britain and France w/o endangering
  neutrality (easier for them to carry)
• No financial interest in the outcome
• No U.S. ships become targets of U-Boats

27
The Road to War1937-1941

• Begins huge debate in the U.S. between
  Internationalists and Isolationists
• Isolationists in Congress propose Constitutional
  amendment
• National referendum required before Congress
  could declare war
• Defeated by a vote of 209-188
• America First Committee
• U.S. should focus on preparedness for war, not
  wasting aid on Allies
• Led by Charles Lindbergh admirer of German
  power

28
The Road to War1937-1941

• Internationalists
• Led more and more by FDR
• Advocate helping Allies so U.S. doesnt have to
  fight
• Also advocates preparedness

29
The Road to War1939-1941

• War complicates U.S. position (again)
• May 1940 Germany attacks
• Belgium
• Netherlands
• Denmark
• Norway
• France
• June, 1940 France Falls!

30
The Road to War1939-1941

• 82 of Americans still favor staying out
• Britain alone against The Blitz
• 1940 election war AND third term issue

31
The Road to War1939-1941

• U.S Begin to Prepare
• FDR asks Congress to increase preparedness
• Multi-billion military appropriations bill
• Congress passes 5 billion naval bill
• First ever peacetime draft Sept 16, 1940
• Politics also complicates
• 1940 is Presidential Election Year
• Two Term Tradition is a Big Issue

32
The Road to War1940-1941

• FDR WINS THIRD TERM
• 449-82 In Electoral College
• Plans to expand aid to Britain U.S. As the
  Arsenal of Democracy (Dec. 29, 1940)
• Begins to form bipartisan support
• Names Republicans to cabinet

The Election of 1940
33
The Road to War1940-1941

• Roosevelts State of the Union Address
• January 6, 1941
• The Four Freedoms

34
The Four Freedoms
35
The Four Freedoms
36
The Four Freedoms
37
The Four Freedoms
38
The Arsenal Of Democracy

• The Lend Lease Act
• "An Act to Promote the Defense of the United
  States"
• March 1941
• President authorized to
• Sell, Transfer, Exchange, Lease, Lend or
  otherwise dispose of
• any defense article for the government of any
  country whose defense the President deems vital
  to the defense of the United States.

39
The Lend Lease Act

• 50 billion between 1941 and 1945
  (720,596,368,644.55 at 2009 prices)
• 60 to Great Britain 31.4 BILLION
• 20 to Soviet Union (June 1941)
• 20 to others (France 3.2 billion China 1.6
  billion)

40
Lend Lease to U.S.S.R. 11.3 Billion

• Aircraft 14,795
• Tanks 7,056
• Jeeps 51,503
• Trucks 375,883
• Motorcycles 35,170
• Tractors 8,071
• Guns 8,218
• Machine guns 131,633
• Explosives 345,735 tons
• Building equipment valued 10,910,000
• Railroad freight cars 11,155
• Locomotives 1,981

• Cargo ships90
• Submarine hunters105
• Torpedo boats197
• Ship engines7,784
• Food supplies4,478,000 tons
• Machines and equipment1,078,965,000
• Non-ferrous metals802,000 tons
• Petroleum products2,670,000 tons
• Chemicals842,000 tons
• Cotton106,893,000 tons
• Leather49,860 tons
• Tires3,786,000
• Army boots15,417,001 pairs

41
The Road to War

• FDR Moves Nation Toward War
• claims right of hemispheric defense and
  declares neutral zone halfway across the
  Atlantic
• Orders Navy to report U-Boats to GBR
• Executive Agreement with Danish government in
  exile for bases in Greenland
• September 1941 Shoot on sight order against
  German U-boats after U.S.S. Greer attacked

42
The Road to War Part II The Pacific

• 1937 Invasion of China
• FDR doesnt recognize as war to avoid
  Neutrality acts
• We still provide 50 of Japans oil, steel and
  iron

43
The Road to War Part II The Pacific

• June, 1940 Japan occupies French Indochina
• Sept 27, 1940 - Tripartite Pact signed by
  Germany, Italy and Japan
• July 26, 1941 - Roosevelt freezes Japanese assets
  in United States and suspends relations

44
The Road to War Part II The Pacific

• Japans Dilemma
• Needs raw materials from U.S. oil, scrap iron,
  steel, aviation gas
• U.S. imposes embargo Get out of China!
• Either get embargo lifted OR find other sources
  (East/South East Asia)
• Japan begins to plan for war v. U.S.

45
Pearl Harbor
46
Pearl Harbor
47
Pearl Harbor
48
Pearl Harbor