Carbon%20and%20the%20Molecular%20Diversity%20of%20Life

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CHAPTER 4

• Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

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• ESLRS
• Core Learning, Critical Thinking, Communication,
  Community
• STANDARDS
• Chemistry
• 1 a,d,e atom structure
• 2 a-h bonding
• 5 a-d acid/base more
• Cell Biology
• 1 h macromolecules

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organic chemistry (o-chem)

• branch of chemistry that specializes in the study
  of carbon containing compounds.
• originated in attempts to purify and improve the
  yield of organic substances
• ex. food, medicines, cloth, paper
• 1st based on VITALISM- the belief in a life force
  outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical
  laws.
• organic compounds seemingly could only arise
  within living organisms and inorganic compounds
  were found in the nonliving world.
• Cumulative nature of Science Experiments to
  disprove
• VITALISM and replace it w/ MECHANISM
• 1) 1800s Wholler had synthesized Urea from
  ammonium cyanate
• 2) Kolbe (his student) made citric acid from
  inorganic compounds.

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UREAcellular waste product found in mamalian and
amphibian urine
CO(NH2)2
It was the first organic compound to be
artificially synthesized from inorganic starting
materials, thus dispelling the concept of
vitalism. Made from by the reaction of potassium
cyanate with ammonium sulfate.
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Figure 4.x1 Urea
Check the valences
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Stanley Miller (1953)University of Chicago
Helped pioneer the field of organic chemistry,
and replace Vitalism with Mechanism.Was
able to synthesize organic molecules from the
inorganic compounds H20, NH3, H2, CH4 and high
voltage. (made hydrocarbons amino
acids)Simulated conditions of primitive Earth
to demonstrate the abiotic synthesis of organic
compounds in a repeatable experiment.Brought
the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds into
the context of evolution, to support
Oparin-Haldane biochemical evolution. The gasses
simulate primitive Earths atmosphere. Shows how
the molecules necessary for life evolved.
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Stanley Miller Resulted in a paradigm shift
from Vitalism to Mechanism.Mechanism is the
belief that all natural phenomena, including the
processes of life are governed by physical and
chemical laws.How did Stanley Millers work
provide evidence to support the theory of
Evolution?
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Big Idea 1 The process of evolution drives the
diversity and unity of life.

• 1.D The origin of living systems is explained by
  natural processes.
•  1.D.2 Scientific evidence from many different
  disciplines supports models of the origin of
  life.
• A. Geological evidence provides support for
  models of the origin of life on Earth.
• Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated
  understanding of each of the following
• 2. Chemical experiments have shown that it is
  possible to form complex organic molecules from
  inorganic molecules in the absence of life.
• B. Molecular and genetic evidence from extant and
  extinct organisms indicates that all organisms on
  Earth share a common ancestral origin of life.
• Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated
  understanding of each of the following
• 1. Scientific evidence includes molecular
  building blocks that are common to all life
  forms.
• 2. Scientific evidence includes a common
  genetic code.

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WHY CARBON?

• Carbon atoms are the most versatile building
  blocks of molecules.
• Electron Configuration
• 4 valence e- 4 bonds to share covalently
• giving/taking not practical, does not ionize
• Can form chains of differing length, branching
  shapes, rings and double bonds.
• Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell
  formation in all organisms.

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The FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbon provides the backbone or
carbon skeleton that other elements are bonded
to.
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hydrocarbons
branches
chains
rings
Are these molecules polar or nopolar? How do you
know?
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Hydrocarbons

• Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and
  hydrogen.
• Major components of petroleum.
• Hydrophobic (repels water) because bonds are
  nonpolar.
• Store a large amount of energy.
• Ex. Lipids (triglyceride) in animals.

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Big Idea 2 Biological systems utilize free
energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to
reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.

• 2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the
  environment to grow, reproduce and maintain
  organization.
• A. Molecules and atoms from the environment are
  necessary to build new molecules.
• Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated
  understanding of each of the following
• 1. Carbon moves from the environment to organisms
  where it is used to build carbohydrates,
  proteins, lipids or nucleic acids. Carbon is used
  in storage compounds and cell formation in all
  organisms.
• 2. Nitrogen moves from the environment to
  organisms where it is used in building proteins
  and nucleic acids. Phosphorus moves from the
  environment to organisms where it is used in
  nucleic acids and certain lipids.

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Isomers Compounds that have the same
molecular formula but different structures resul
ts in different properties.
covalent partners
double bond
3 types-differ 1)Structural-covalent
partners 2)Geometric-double bond 3)Enantiomers-asy
mmetric C
asymmetric carbon
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WHAT TYPE OF ISOMER?
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STRUCTURAL ISOMER
Structural isomers differ in covalent
arrangements of atoms, and In the location of
double bonds.
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GEOMETRIC ISOMER
Geometric isomers differ in spatial arrangements
due to the Inflexibility of double bonds.
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ENANTIOMERS
Enantiomers are molecules containing an
assymetric carbon, which are mirror images of
each other.
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What type of isomer?
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ENANTIOMER
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Structure
FUNCTION
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Ex. Thalidomide Drug prescribed in the 50s And
early 60s to prevent Morning sickness for
thousands Of women. One enantiomer caused
severe Birth defects.
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II. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• Structures involved in reactions and in defining
  the molecules properties.
• Picture a hydrocarbon replace a hydrogen with
  one of these clusters of atoms.
• Can have different properties.
• Most important in chemistry of life Hydroxyl,
  carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydral, and
  phosphate All are polar (hydrophilic).

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Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of
female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex
hormones
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Figure 4.8x1 Estrone and testosterone
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Figure 4.8x2 Male and female mallards
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Figure 4.8x3 Male and female peacocks
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• HYDROXYL (alcohol)
• names end in ol (C-OH HO-C)
• polar
• molecules can dissolve in water
• CARBONYL carbon double bonded to oxygen
• 1. Aldehyde - terminal carbon bond H-CO
• 2. Ketone - inner carbon bond -CO
• polar

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• SULFHYDRYL sulfur and hydrogen
• stabilize protein structure
• disulfide bridges -SH
• ex. position in hair proteins determine if
  curly or straight
• polar
• PHOSPHATE OPO3 2-
• transfer of energy between organic
• molecules
• polar

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• AMINO nitrogen 2 hydrogen, called amine
• tends to pick up protons in solution,
• making it a base
• -NH2 H --gt -NH3
• Polar
• CARBOXYL (-COOH) organic acids HO-CO
• tends to dissociate in water, gives H (makes it
  an acid)
• Polar
• Hint Carbonyl Hydroxyl Carboxyl ?

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• METHYL 1 CARBON bonded to 3 HYDROGENS
• Addition of a METHYL GROUP to DNA, or to
  molecules bound to DNA, effects the expression of
  genes.
• Epigenetics means Beyond the Genome and studies
  how an organisms environment
• Effects methlyation of the
• DNA

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Big Idea 4 Biological systems interact, and
these systems and their interactions possess
complex properties.

• At the molecular level, the subcomponents of a
  biological polymer determine the properties of
  that polymer.
• 4.A Interactions within biological systems lead
  to complex properties.
• 4.A.1 The subcomponents of biological molecules
  and their sequence determine the properties of
  that molecule.
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• a. Structure and function of polymers are derived
  from the way their monomers are assembled.

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