The Respiratory system

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The Respiratory system
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Functions

• Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging
  gases between air and blood
• Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood
  (for cellular respiration).
• Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood
  (waste product from cellular respiration).
• Homeostatic Role
• Regulates blood pH.
• Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

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External Respiration

• Ventilation
• exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere
• Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries
• Breathing largely involuntary activity

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Internal Respiration

• All cells require oxygen for metabolism
• All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide
• Gas exchange at cellular level

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Structures of Respiratory System

• upper respiratory tract
• nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and
  trachea
• lower respiratory tract
• bronchial tree and lungs

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Nose

• nasal cavity
• nasal septum
• mucous membrane
• mucus
• cilia
• olfactory receptors

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Pharynx

• Nasopharynx
• Posterior to the nose
• Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
• Oropharynx
• Posterior to the mouth
• Palatine tonsils
• Laryngopharynx
• Superior to the larynx

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Epiglottis

• Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common
  passageway for both food and air
• Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap
  that covers the larynx
  and
  trachea (airway)
  so food does not enter
  the lungs.

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Larynx

• Also known as the voice box
• Glottis (vocal apparatus)
• vocal bands or vocal cords

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Trachea

• Windpipe or airway
• Mucous membrane lining with cilia
• Smooth muscle with
  c-shaped cartilage rings
• divides into two branches
  
• Right bronchi
• Left bronchi

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Bronchi

• Bronchus, singular
• C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle
• Each bronchi divides into
  bronchioles
• Terminate in air sacs
  called alveoli

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Alveoli

• Resembles a small balloon as it expands and
  contracts with the flow of air
• CO2 diffuses from the blood in the capillaries,
  enters the alveoli, and is exhaled
• On inspiration, O2 diffuses
  from the alveoli to enter
  the capillaries

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Thoracic Cavity

• thoracic
• thorax
• mediastinum
• heart
• aorta
• esophagus
• bronchi
• thymus

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Lungs
Right-3 lobes
Left-2 lobes
trachea
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Pleura

• each lung enclosed in pleura
• parietal pleura (inner)
• visceral pleura (outer)
• pleural space or pleural cavity
• lubricating fluid

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Diaphragm

• muscle separating chest and abdomen
• inspiration, diaphragm contracts and increases
  thoracic space
• air flows in
• expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases
  thoracic space
• air flows out
• phrenic nerve

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Respiration

• external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs
• internal respiration - exchange of gases within
  cells of the body organs and tissues
• ventilation - movement of air

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PathologyBreathing Disorders

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCOPD (COLD)
• Dyspnea
• Bradypnea
• Tachypnea

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COPD

• Asthma
• bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
• mucolytics, bronchodilators
• Chronic Bronchitis
• mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
• expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
• Emphysema
• barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

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Influenza

• Acute infectious respiratory disease
• Viral
• Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia
• Avoid aspirin in children

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Pleural Effusions

• Excess fluid in pleural cavity
• associated with congestive heart failure,
  ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma
• diagnosis
• auscultation, percussion
• Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax,
  pyopneumothorax
• thoracentesis

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Tuberculosis

• Infectious, highly communicable disease
• aerosol transmission
• primary tuberculosis, tubercles
• immunocompromised
• effects other organ systems
• drug resistant strains

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Bronchopneumonia

• Inflammatory disease of lungs
• lobar, bilateral
• hemoptyisis
• consolidation
• Pneumocystis carinii
• lavage

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Cystic Fibrosis

• Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
• systemic involvement
• lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
• Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
• Gas exchange impaired

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Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• Surfactant
• decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
• needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand
  (compliance)
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline
  membrane disease)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome

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Oncology

• Primary Pulmonary Cancer
• Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG
  CANCERS
• common site epithelium of bronchi
• bronchogenic carcinoma
• masses form and block air passages
• metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver,
  bones, brain, or kidney

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