Let

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Lets Review!
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Mitosis is

• When a cell makes a copy of itself for
• growth
• repair
• replacement

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In mitosis
Mother cell with a full set Of chromosomes
(diploid number a.k.a. 2n)
Two daughter cells With a full set of
Chromosomes (diploid number a.k.a 2n)
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The Phases of Mitosis

• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
• (you should ALL know
• these by heart by now!)

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Mitosis

• Only body cells reproduce by mitosis (and some
  organisms too but we will talk about that later)

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Meiosis

• Meiosis is __________ for _________ on
  ____________ to offspring.

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Meiosis

• Meiosis is the kind of
• _________ ___________ that forms _______ and
  __________ cells.
• Egg and sperm are also called
• __________ CELLS!
• They are ________ by the _________________ organs.

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What is the _________ of making cells through
meiosis?

• Meiosis helps a living thing
• _____________
• its __________ number!

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Meaning

• Mom has _____ chromosomes
• Dad has ______ chromosomes
• You have _____ chromosomes

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Chromosomes and Chromosome Number

• Human ______ _____ have 46 chromosomes

• ____ ______ contributes 23 chromosomes

• _________ chromosomesone of two _________
  chromosomes, one from each parent

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Definitions

• Chromosomes _____ all the __________ that is
  _________ from one __________ to the next.
• _________ in your ________ make up that makes
  you-YOU
• your ________, your ______ color, hair color,
  whether you have __________, or curly ________
  etc.
• This is all ____________.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Chromosomes and Chromosome Number

• Same ____________

• Same ____________ position

• Carry ________ that ___________ the same ________
  traits

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BUT

• If mom ________ you ______ 46 of her chromosomes
• AND dad gave you ________ 46 of his chromosomes
  (______ __ __________)
• _______ would have _____ chromosomes

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And

• You would ________ in ______ from what your
  __________ were.
• AND
• Your ________ would ________ in size from what
  you are now

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Eventually

• You would be
• a
• huge monster
• that could no longer
• be supported
• by the resources
• of the planet.

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That doesnt happen

• _______ only gives you ______ her _______
  information (____ chromosomes)
• ________ only _______ you _______ his _________
  information (___ chromosomes)
• So, that you _________ the _______ chromosome
  number of ____ in your body

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More Definitions

• ________ Number the ______ number of _________
  in an organism (in humans this is ____)
• ________ Number ______ of the total
  ____________ of chromosomes in an organism (in
  humans this is __)

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Meiosis is the way that

• An ________ produces ________ to ______ the same
  number of _________ from generation to
  ____________.
• ________ and ____ cells (gametes) are made so
  that they only have _____ of the total number of
  chromosomes.
• So that when egg and sperm ________ they create a
  ________ organism with the ________ number of
  chromosomes!

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I

• The _______ life cycle in animals involves
  _________.

• ________ produces ___________.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis I

• ________ the chromosome ______ by ____ through
  the _________ of __________ chromosomes

• Involves _____ consecutive cell _______ called
  meiosis ___ and meiosis ____

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I

• _________

• Chromosomes _______.

• _________ condenses.

Interphase
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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I

• _____________ I

• _______ of homologous chromosomes _______.

• Each _______ consists of two _________.

Prophase I

• The ________ envelope _______ down.

• _________ form.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I

• Prophase I

• ________ over produces ________ of genetic
  ____________.

• Crossing over__________ segments are __________
  between a _______ of _________ chromosomes.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I

• ____________ I

• Chromosome __________ attach to ________ fibers.

Metaphase I

• Homologous chromosomes _____ __ at the ________.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I

• _____________ I

Anaphase I
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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I

• ____________ I

• The _______ break down.

Telophase I

• Chromosomes ______ and form two ______

• The cell _________.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II

• ____________ II

Prophase II
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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II

• _____________ II

Metaphase II
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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II

• ___________ II

Anaphase II
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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II

• __________ II

Telophase II
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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II

• ______ results in _____ haploid cells, each with
  __ number of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis
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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
The ______________ of Meiosis

• Meiosis consists of ____ sets of _________

• _______ four ______ daughter cells that are
  _______ identical

• _________ in genetic ____________

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
_______ Provides ________

• ________ on how the chromosomes _____ __ at the
  equator, ____ gametes with _____ different _____
  of _________ can result.

• Genetic _______ also is ______ during ______ over
  and during _______, when ______ randomly
  ___________.

34
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.1 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction v. Asexual Reproduction

• _____________ reproduction

• The organism ______ ____ of its chromosomes from
  a ______ parent.

• The ______ individual is genetically identical to
  its parent.

• _________ reproduction

• ______ genes _______ faster over time.

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The end result of meiosis

• ____ new cells that have only ______the number of
  chromosomes (________ number)
• in males- ___ sperm cells are _______ (in humans
  the __________ is 23)
• in females- 1 ____ and 3 _____ bodies are made
  (the egg has 23 chromosomes)

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More Vocabulary

• ________ the stage in life when a person begins
  to _________ sex cells
• _______ _______ sex organs that produce _______
• ________ female sex organs that produce _______
  (a.k.a ova)

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More Vocabulary

• ________ body the _____ cells formed by a
  ______ during meiosis. They all ____ after being
  created.
• __________ when the _______ from the egg and
  sperm _____ together. The new _______ has a
  ____________ set of chromosomes now, ___ from
  each parent.

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Egg versus Sperm

• Eggs
• A woman has her _________ number of eggs (about
  7 million) while still a _______ in her mothers
  womb.
• At ______ that number _______ to about __ or ___
  million.
• By ________ that number has _________ to about
  ________.
• And of that number _____ ______-_____ ever
  mature to be __________ by the ovary.

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Egg versus Sperm

• As women _____ fewer eggs can ______ because of
  __________.

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Egg versus Sperm

• ________
• At _______ the males _______ makes millions of
  sperm _______ day.

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Egg versus Sperm

• Size
• Eggs are ________ compared to the sperm.
• Fertilization
• _______sperm _____ to _______ the egg, however,
  it only takes one to make a baby!

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Mendels Work

• In 1865 an Austrian Monk named _______ ______ saw
  certain ______ in the garden pea plants he grew
  in his garden.
• He __________ and ________ the traits he saw in
  the pea plants.

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Mendel

• Mendel was able to ______ some _____ laws of
  genetics.
• He explained _______ and _________.
• He also __________ how traits were ______ from
  _______ to _________

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Mendel looked at pea plants

• He looked at several traits of the pea plant.

45
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics

• The ________ generation is also known as the
  _____ generation.

46
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics

• The ________ of this P cross are called the _____
  _________(F1) generation.

• The ______ filial (F2) generation is the ______
  from the F1 cross.

47
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Genes in Pairs

• _______

• An _______ form of a _____ gene ______ from
  generation to generation

• Dominant

• Recessive

48
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
_______ A ______ that _______ __ another
trait (the ________ trait) and is what can be
______ (either physically, or genetically) in an
organism. ___________ A gene that gets ______
up by a dominant trait
49
Homozygous versus Heterozygous

• An organism with _____ of the ______ _______ for
  a particular trait is ____________.
• Can either be
• TWO ___________ alleles
• or
• TWO ___________ alleles
• example Homozygous __________ would be
  written ____ (the _______ trait would be
  seen)
• Homozygous ___________ would be written
• _____ (the __________ trait would be seen)

50
Homozygous versus Heterozygous

• An organism with ____ ______ alleles for a
  particular trait is ______________.
• This would be written
• ______ ( and the ________ trait would _____ __
  the recessive trait)

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Dominant versus Recessive

• There are ______ ways for a dominant trait to
  show up
• ____________ Dominant (TT)
• Or
• _____________ (Tt)

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Dominant versus Recessive

• The _________ way for a recessive trait to be
  seen is if it is
• ______________ recessive (tt)

53
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Genotype and Phenotype

• An organisms _______ ______ are called its
  _____________.

• The _________ characteristic or _______
  expression of an allele pair is called the
  ___________.

54
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Mendels Law of Segregation

• ______ alleles for each trait _________ during
  meiosis.

• During _________, two alleles for that trait ____.

• __________ organisms are called _________.

55
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Monohybrid Cross

• A ________ that involves ______ for a ______
  trait is called a ________ cross.

56
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Dihybrid Cross

• The _________ inheritance of ___ or _____ traits
  in the same plant is a _______ cross.

• _________ are __________ for both traits.

57
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Law of _______________ Assortment

• _______ distribution of ______ occurs during
  gamete _____________

• _______ on _________ chromosomes sort ___________
  during meiosis.

• Each allele ________ is _________ likely to
  _________.

58
Expected and Observed Results

• The _______ Square is a way to _____ which
  _____ can ______ when egg and sperm _______.
• _______ are used when ________ to a ________
  trait.
• A ______ letter such as __ is used to ________ a
  dominant _______
• A ______ letter such as __ is used to ________ a
  recessive gene

59
Our example continues

• A person with ___ genes is ________ dominant
  (pure dominant) for ____ earlobes (meaning they
  have _______ earlobes)
• A person with ___ genes is _______ recessive
  (pure recessive) for ________ earlobes (their
  earlobes dont dangle)

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Our example continues

• A person with ___ genes is ______ dominant and
  they have ______ earlobes
• When a person has a ________ AND a _________ gene
  (like above) then the _____ LETTER is ______
  first and the _____ letter is written next. This
  is meant to show that the _____ gene is what can
  be seen.

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Follow these steps to determine the possible
combinations of genes a child could have.

• For our example both parents will be __________
• Each parent has
• __ (one copy of the _________ trait which is
  _______ earlobes)
• __ (one copy of the _________ trait which is
  ________ earlobes)
• It is written this way ____

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Step 1

• Draw a punnett square
• ______ little _______ of the box (each quarter)
  stands for 1 ___________ ______ of genes that the
  future offspring can have
• There are ____ boxes, so four possible ________
  of genes will be shown.
• _______ combination of genes ________ from a
  sperm cell ___________ an egg cell

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Step 2
Mothers Genes
___________ what kind of genes will be in the
_____ cells of _______ _________. _________ the
________ for the genes that ________ appear in
the mothers egg _________ the top of the
square. (one of the letters above each different
square). For our example, remember that mom is
heterozygous Ff
F
f


Fathers Genes
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Step 3
Mothers Genes
Now, _______ the letters for the genes that
_______ appear in the fathers sperm ______ the
side of the square. (one of the letters next to
each different square). For our example,
remember that dad is ___________ Ff Meaning
there are 2 possible genes for the sperm F
_______ earlobes f _________ earlobes
F
f


F
Fathers Genes
f
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Step 4
Mothers Genes F f

• ______ the letters that appear at the ________ of
  the square into the _________ below each letter.
• ________ the letters that _______ at the _______
  of the square _____ the boxes ______ to each
  letter

FF Ff
Ff ff
F
Dads genes
f
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Step 5
Mothers Genes F f

• Look at ______ little ________. They now show
  the possible __________ of eggs and sperm.
• They also show the possible __________ of genes
  that the ___________ might _________.
• In our example
• FF, Ff, ff

FF Ff
Ff ff
F
Dads genes
f
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Step 6
Mothers Genes F f

• The Punnett Square at right ______ the way the
  child could ______.
• Remember __ is ______ for _____ earlobes.
• There are _____ possible ways for a child to have
  ______ earlobes
• FF and Ff
• (3 out of the 4 offspring would have free
  earlobes)

FF Free earlobes Ff Free earlobes
Ff Free earlobes ff Attached earlobes
F
Dads genes
f
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Step 6
Mothers Genes F f

• There is only _____ combination of genes that
  would result in a child with ________ earlobes
• ff
• On average only __ out of ___ kids would have
  attached earlobes

FF Free earlobes Ff Free earlobes
Ff Free earlobes ff Attached earlobes
F
Dads genes
f
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Expected Ratios

• The punnett square _______ what kinds of traits
  ___________ can have.
• It shows what to _______ when the _______ and
  _____ of two parents ______.
• ________ results are what can be ________.

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Expected Ratios

• We can ______ what each child will look like.
• ___ would have _____ earlobes, ___ would have
  _______ earlobes
• We could only make these predictions because we
  knew what genes the parents had.

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Observed Results

• We know that the _______ ________ from Punnett
  Square dont always occur in every family
• The traits that are _________ ______ in offspring
  when parents with certain genetic traits mate are
  the ___________ ___________.
• A ________ square _______ what _________ happen.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Punnett SquareDihybrid Cross

• _____ types of alleles from the _____ gametes and
  ____ types of alleles from the female gametes can
  be _________.

• The ________ phenotypic _____ is __________.

73
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
Genetic Recombination

• The new ________ of genes produced by _________
  _____ and ____________ ___________

• ________ of genes due to independent assortment
  can be ________ using the formula ___, where n is
  the number of chromosome ______.

74
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
Gene Linkage

• The _______ of genes on a chromosome results in
  an ________ to Mendels law of ___________
  assortment because linked genes usually ____
  _____ segregate independently.

75
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 10
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
Polyploidy