U.S.%20Takes%20Hawaii

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AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
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U.S. Takes Hawaii
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Hawaiis Economy

• 75 of wealth from sugar plantations / open
  society multi-nation trade post
• Some Plantations owned by Americans
• Contract Labor imported from Japan/China

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• 1891 Queen new policy
• End foreign influence
• (2) Restore Hawaii monarchy / take back Hawaii
  from business dominance

Queen Liliuokalani
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Deposing the Queen

• Organized a revolt against the Queen 1893 group
  of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, aided
  by the American minister to Hawaii and backed by
  heavily armed U.S. soldiers and marines, deposed
  Hawaii's queen.
• Queen was imprisoned and seized 1.75 million
  acres of crown land
• Sanford Dole became the president of Hawaii

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Grover Cleveland
William McKinley
Sanford Dole
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Struggle for Hawaii

• Pres. Cleveland wanted the queen restored to
  power/ disrespectful
• Dole refused to give up power/ fear foreign
  nations
• Cleveland recognized the Republic of Hawaii, but
  refused to annex Hawaii.
• 1897 Pres. McKinley made Hawaii an American
  territory.

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CUBA
Spanish American War Peace Treaty of Paris
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TELLER AMENDMENT Senator Henry M. Teller
(Colorado) proposed an amendment which proclaimed
that the United States would not establish
permanent control over Cuba US declared Cubas
Independence!

• Platt Amendment Senator Orville Platt
  (R-Connecticut) in February 1901 proclaimed US
  right to intervene in Cuba if the following
  happen
• Cuba must give US military base (Guantanamo Bay)
• Cuba must maintain law and order
• Cuba not make foreign treaties
• Cuba no debt issues

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US Business moves in Cuba- own iron ore mines,
sugar field, and tobacco fields! Fidel Castro
1959 Revolution anti-imperialism movement
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• On May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey had
  entered Manila Bay and destroyed the wooden
  clunkers Spanish fleet.
• In December, Spain ceded the Philippines to the
  Untied States for 20 million.

Philippines
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• On June 12, 1898, a young Filipino, General
  Emilio Aguinaldo, had proclaimed Philippine
  independence.
• Pressure on President William McKinley to annex
  the Philippines was intense. After originally
  declaring that it would "be criminal aggression"
  for the United States to annex the archipelago,
  he reversed his stance, partly out of fear that
  another power would seize the Philippines.

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The Philippine-American War was fought from
February 1899 to July 1902.

• New Colonial war against America.

Philippine Army began staging bloody ambushes and
raids

• Guerrilla warfare drove the US Army to a
  "total-war" doctrine. Civilians were given
  identification and forced into war camps
• All persons found outside of camps without
  identification would be shot on sight. Thousands
  of civilians died in these camps due to poor
  conditions.

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Aguinaldo was captured by a raid on the Filipino
leader's hideout in March 1901.
More than 4,000 American soldiers and about
20,000 Filipino fighters died. An estimated
200,000 Filipino civilians died during the war,
mainly of disease or hunger.
Established the United States as a power in the
Pacific.
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Puerto Rico
1. Spanish American War Peace Treaty of Paris
2. US Congress ratified the Foraker Law on April
12th, 1900, bringing a civilian government to the
island.
3. The Jones Act separated the Executive,
Judicial, and Legislative branches of Puerto
Rican government, provided civil rights to the
individual, and created a locally elected
bicameral legislature. However, the Governor and
the President of the United States had the power
to veto any law passed by the legislature. Also,
the United States Congress had the power to stop
any action taken by the legislature in Puerto
Rico.
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4. The U.S. maintained control over economic
matters and exercised authority over mail
services, immigration, defense and other basic
governmental matters.
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The most spectacular of Roosevelt's foreign
policy initiatives was the establishment of the
Panama Canal!!!
Panama

• Panama is territory of Colombia
• (2) 1903- TR ask Colombia to sign a treaty for
  the Canal Zone- they reject it
• (3) Panama is inspired to have a revolution for
  independence from Colombia.
• TR factor- US aid financially / 10 warships in
  the neighborhood / US troops blockade RR to
  stop Colombia military

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(4) RESULTS 1903 Panama wins Independence /
US get Canal Zone 10 million royalties /
US compensated Colombia 25 million
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TR visited Panama in 1906 to observe the
building of the canal, Roosevelt became the first
U.S. President to leave the country during his
term of office. He wanted to see the spectacle,
which became known as one of the world's greatest
engineering feats. Nearly 30,000 workers labored
ten-hour days for ten years to build the
400-million canal
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JAPAN
Japan historical foreign policy STRICT
ISOLATION / locked state one port open to
Dutch / 200 years
U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry 1853 gunboat
diplomacy / 4 US warships arrived at port
Edo 1854 gunboat diplomacy /8 US warship
arrived at port Edo / US gifts trade treaty
with the United States
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• Japan Decision
• If you cant beat em, join em
• Japanese could benefit from knowledge of what
  happened to China
• Japanese felt that they would be in a better
  position to renegotiate the trade treaties, and
  be less likely to be imposed upon, if they
  adopted Western ways (democracy, imperialism,
  industrialization, militarization, and
  modernization) 1890s westernization
• MEIJI DYNASTY- ruling family was open unlike
  shogun militant rulers of past

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Meiji Japan at War
Tension US v Japan

• First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Gained
• Formosa (Taiwan)
• (Manchuria)
• Sphere of influence in Korea
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
• Destruction of Russian fleet
• Finally respected as a world power
• Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
• U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace
  Prize
• Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin
  Island and a large sphere of influence in
  Manchuria
• Treaty sour/Philippines?/ Gentlemens Agreement

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The Great White Fleet
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T R

• Dec. 16, 1907- President Theodore Roosevelt
  stood on the weather-deck of the presidential
  yacht Mayflower
• 16 battleships of the US Atlantic Fleet, all
  painted white, steamed in a long majestic column
  out of Hampton Roads to the open sea, flanked by
  auxiliary ships

The Cruise of the Great White Fleet
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CHINA
Chinas foreign policy historically STRICT
ISOLATION 1839-1842 Opium War- East India
Company forced China to trade opium (India) for
tea. China refused the opium demanded silver for
the tea. This drained England s gold reserves.
Opium trade continued CHINA OPIUM REVOLT
20,000 chests burn and dump it! / England navy
too strong for China (no navy) Treaty of
Nanking England-China / forced China open to
trade
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SPHERES OF INFLUENCE 1890 China is victim of
imperialism / extraterritoriality
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JOHN HAY
US Secretary of State under McKinley / 1899 US
LEFT OUT OF CHINA!!

• With a strong base of operations in Philippines
  just 400 miles from China, American businesses
  hoped to take advantage of China's vast
  resources. The foreign spheres of influence,
  however, threatened their ambitions.

OPEN DOOR POLICY
He sent letters to all the foreign powers and
suggested an "Open Door" policy in China. This
policy would guarantee equal trading rights for
all and prevent one nation from discriminating
against another within its sphere.
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BOXER REBELLION 1900
Who Boxers / Society of Harmonious Fists
Taoist Spiritual Group
Goal stop the foreign devils in China and
take-back China
Incident 20,000 Boxers roamed the countryside.
(1) They attacked Christian missions,
slaughtering 200 foreign missionaries and 18,000
Chinese converts. (2) Then they moved toward the
cities, attracting more and more followers as
they destroyed all foreign business interests
(3) burned and looted Beijing (4) kill 70
Europeans (6) revolt against emperor Result
China pay reparation roughly 450 million in 1900
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