Communities

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Communities Ecosystems
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Symbiosis

• Close association between organisms of 2 or more
  species
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
• Commensalism

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Ecological Succession

• After a disturbance, ecological succession is
  a gradual replacement of an ecosystem by a
  succession of other species.
• What kind of disturbances?
• Storms/Fire
• Floods
• Human activity
• Droughts

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Primary Succession

• When ecological succession begins a virtually
  lifeless area with no soil
• Ex. New volcanic islands retreating glacier
• What is the succession?
• Autotrophic bacteria, lichens mosses, grasses
  shrubs, prevalent vegetation
• May take hundreds or thousands of years.

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Secondary Succession

• Ecological succession occurs where a disturbance
  has destroyed an existing community but left the
  soil intact.
• Ex. fires, floods, human activities

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Carbon Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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