This week:

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This week

• Inland seas
• Homework 2
• Wednesday UC Botanical Garden
• Next Monday Exam 2 includes
• History of Conservation
• Animal groups
• Geology
• Central Valley, Riparian
• Inland Seas, Lakes, Rivers

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Inland Waters
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Fresh Water a precious resource
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Importance of Fresh Water areas
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Fresh Waters

• Surface waters run off, down hill
• All area that collects water forms a water shed
  for a river, delta, bay
• Source zone
• High oxygen levels, clear water
• fast moving head waters, waterfalls
• Transition zone
• Floodplain zone
• Muddy water
• Low oxygen levels

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River Zones
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Our Watershed

• Drains to Carquinez Straits

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Lakes - water collects in a catch depression

• Lake type determine by how it formed
• Glacial
• Tectonic
• Landslide
• Volcanic
• Fluviatile
• Shoreline
• Terminal or Closed basin

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Glacial Lakes

• Glacial action- Common in Sierras
• Tarns (lakes) formed by glacier action leaving
  low spots in bed rock-
• Pater Noster- series of cirques (tarns with high
  vertical back wall) down a mountain
• Moraine lakes- impeded by moraine.
• May have a blue color due to suspended rock
  particles
• Common on east side of Sierras
• Kettles form as holes in the moraine field

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Tarn
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Cirque
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Pater Noster
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Kettle
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Tectonic process uplifting, and depressions in
dip-slip Faults

• Graben (grave) lakes
• Lake Tahoe (1). Original lake formed between two
  blocks of stone as fault slipped down.
• Livermore Valley - gravels

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Lake Tahoe
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Volcanic Lakes

• Lava flows blocks water flow
• Common along faults, often form in conjunction
  with tectonic (as in Tahoe)
• Clear lake - Dammed by lava.
• Two arms fill in grabens.
• Current form of Lake Tahoe (2)
• Was deepened by lava flow at Truckee end.
• Caldera Lake forms when a volcano blows off its
  summit and leaves the sunken caldera which fills
  with water.
• Crater lake in Oregon, deepest in US.
• Small surface area restrict evaporation stays
  full with winter rains/snow

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Crater Lake
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Landslide lakes-

• Rock, Mud flow traps flow, raises water level
• Mirror lake in Yosemite. Several on Kern River.
• Often short lived as water digs in new channel.
• Often form in narrow river canyons.
• Caused by mudslides or earthquakes.

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Fluviatile - From in depression formed by flowing
water

• Ox Bow lakes - cut off from main channel.
• River Dam lakes - Sediment flowing down a
  tributary blocks main channel.
• Kings River sediment blocked flow North up San
  Joaquin valley.
• Tulare river flows south, formed lake Tulare.

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Shoreline -

• impounded by barriers of sand by wind and waves
  at River mouths.
• maybe seasonal
• Can break quickly-
• a tourist drowned in San Lorenzo River - at Santa
  Cruz, washed out to sea.
• Well see a small lake at Salmon Creek beach

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Terminal or Closed basin

• Watershed with no outlet
• Dependent on inflow vs. evaporation rates
• Mono Lake-Oldest lake in California
• Hypersaline, accumulating solutes for thousands
  of years
• Tufa towers form under water in bubbles in brine
  solution
• One of most productive ecosystems
• Water Diversion in Owens River
• Level dropped 46 feet since 1946.
• 1994 decision mandated rising lake 20 feet.

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Mono Lake Currently at 6382.3 ft.Goal 6391 ft.
in 2014
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Aral Sea - disappearing

• Rivers being diverted for agriculture
• From 4th to 8th largest lake
• (1960) 68,000 km2 (1998) 28,000
• Salinity increasing, salt blows onto fields

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Created Lakes Reservoirs

• All have an estimated life span until sediments
  fills them in.
• Block fish migrations, silt flow to flood plain
• Control floods
• Clean Power source

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Limnology Study of lakes

• Littoral Zones
• near shore, sunlight
• marsh, floating plants (macrophytes)
• Lots of decomposers marsh food chain
• Limnetic Zone
• Open sunlight waters,
• main photosynthetic (producers) zone
• Profundal Zone
• Deep open water, too dark for photosynthesis
• Benthic Zone
• Bottom of lake inhabited by decomposers, and
  other animals adapted to cold, oxygen poor water
  snails, worms, crayfish, catfish

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Lake Ecosystem
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Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

• Oxygen needed for cell activity
• Low oxygen levels limit activity of animals.
• Can cause massive die offs
• BOD- is biological oxygen demand
• caused by organic wastes in water (pollution).
• Decomposers use up oxygen in the rapid growth.
• DO Sensitive to temperature, pH levels in water.

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Seasonal changes in Alpine lakes

• Water mixes in Fall and Spring, oxygen, nutrient
  levels uniform
• Summer warming stratifies lakes
• Water floats over cooler, forming a thermocline
• Lower water is nutrient rich
• Lack oxygen
• Upper warmer water may run out of nutrient for
  photosynthesis
• Winter may have insulating ice layer, forming a
  stratification

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Lake Succession

• Lakes fill-in over time. Nearly all the
  nutrients come from outside the lake.
• e.g. Lake Yosemite filled valley after ice melted
• Oligotrophic few nutrients.
• Clear, bluish water little algae
• high dissolved oxygen
• Few fish, e.g.. Trout (small gills, easy to get
  oxygen)
• Meso- intermediate
• Eutrophic- more and higher nutrient levels
• Low oxygen levels. Green color
• Senescent- filled in, becoming meadow
• Crane Flat in Yosemite

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Oligotrophic Eutrophic
Age Young Old
Nutrients Poor Rich
Clarity Clear Cloudy
Color Blue Green to brown
Depth Deep Shallow
Temperature Cold Warmer
D Oxygen High trough out Low, at surface
D solids Low High
Sediment Sparse, coarse Deep, muddy
Locality Mountains Valleys
Fish Trout Catfish
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Eutrophic
Cultural Eutrophication human influences cause
lakes to become eutrophic due to pollution,
erosion.
Oligotrophic
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Stream / River types (Indicated on topo maps)

• Permanent- year round
• Intermittent - seasonal, winter / spring flow,
  dry summer fall.
• Interrupted- parts flow above ground, other parts
  below (common in Southern California)
• Slough - slower moving side channel of larger
  creek, stream, river

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Bends in the Rivers, Streams

• Coriolis affect causes water to flow in an arch
  on a flat plain,
• to the right in the Northern hemisphere,
• causes streams to meander, as water curves until
  it reaches an uphill.
• Can be seen in rivers in Central Valley
• As stream erodes the channel on its outside bend,
  it deposits new sediments on the inside. New
  soil is formed.
• Heavy rocks only moved in great floods, rivers
  carry mostly gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Clay
  moves the farthest.

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• Meanders have a distinctive structure. On the
  bend of a river, the water rushes to the outside
  of a bend. This photograph shows the inside,
  known as a slip-off slope. This is a small area
  of deposition and creates a gentle slope.

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Rivers transport erosion debris

• Deforestation adds to erosion, and sediment loads
  in rivers
• Add to near shore pollution, nutrient loads in
  oceans

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Everglades

• Fifty miles (80 km) wide in places, one to three
  feet (0.3 to 0.9 meters) deep in the slough's
  center but only 6 inches (15 cm) deep elsewhere,
  it flowed south 100 feet (30 meters) per day
• Water diversion started killing off this vast
  marsh lands
• Largest restoration project ever attempted
  started in 1996.
• National Parks are not islands- they still can be
  influenced by development outside their
  boundaries.

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Water Diversion in California

• Water wars
• North- most of water
• South most of the population
• Agriculture uses the most
• Cities cut back the most in droughts
• Population continues to grow
• Recycling water can save millions of gallons
• Wildlife loose out down stream