1.????????

1
???????????????????
1.??????????????(???????????)
?????????????????????????????????????
????????????? 2.???????????????????
2???????????????????????????????
AD????????(????)???? 3.????? ??????????
???????????????????
(?)???????????? 4.?????????
?????????????????????????????? ??????
??????????1/2 ????????1 ?
?????(????1mm ?????) 53.70.5 mm
??????? 12.30.1 V 5.????
?????????????????????????? ??????
eg. ???????? 103.70.9 mm3 6.?????
2
?1?????????????
????? m (g) ???? f (N) ?? x (mm)
0 0
10 2.00.5
20 7.20.5
30 10.3
40 11.8
50 13.7
60 18.2
70 20.7
80 23.7
90 26.3
100 30.4
(????f)(????k)(??x)
???????????????? ?????????? (???????????????
x???????????)
f
3
?1?????????????
????? m (g) ???? f (N) ?? x (mm)
0 0 0
10 0.098 2.00.5
20 0.20 7.20.5
30 0.29 10.3
40 0.39 11.8
50 0.49 13.7
60 0.59 18.2
70 0.69 20.7
80 0.78 23.7
90 0.88 26.3
100 0.98 30.4
(????f)(????k)(??x)
???????????????? ?????????? (???????????????
x???????????)
f
4
??????????????????
1.????????? ??????????? ????? 2.?????? 3.????
?????? ?????????? ????? 4.??????????
????(?????? ??????????? ??????
?????????? 5.3????????? ??? 6.??????????
?????????? ????
N/m
??
??
???? f (N)
?? x (mm)
N/m
5
?2??????y???????????
1m2???? ????????? ?????
1 Pa (????) 1 N/m2
??
??
6
????????
???????(???????????)? ?????????????????? ?????(??)
? ?????????????????????????
7
?????????
????
?? V ?? P
???
(???)
8
??????
??????
??
???
??????
???
???
???? ???
??????????
??????F???
?
??
???
??
??
9
??????
???
??????F???
??
??
??????
???? ???
?????????
(???)
10
?????
?????
F
?????????
S50 ml/53mm 9.43 cm2
??
V(ml) 1001 901 80 70 60 50 44
F(kg) 0 1.10.1 2.5 4.00.2 6.3 9.30.3 12.0
F(N) 0 111 25 392 62 913 118
1/V (ml-1) 0.0100 0.0002 0.0111 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.020 0.023
11
?????????????????y?????
150 100 50 0 -50 -100
??
???? F (N)
???? 100 ml ??? F0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
0.025
????? 1/V (ml-1)
????????????????
12
?3?????????????
d
I0
I
?????? d (mm) 2.50.5 60.5 80.5 10.50.5 120.5
?????? I (????) 4.34 1.89 0.82 0.36 0.19
???
?????
?? d ???????? ?? I0 ???????? ???????? I ??????
d ? I ???? ?? d ???? I ????? d0 ???????
(???)
13
d
?????????????
I0
?????? d (mm) 2.5 6 8 10.5 12
?????? I (????) 4.34 1.89 0.82 0.36 0.19
ln (I) 1.47 0.64 -0.20 -1.0 -1.70
I
???
??? ???
d ? I ????
??????????
ln (I)
ln I ? d ???? ?? ? -1/d0 ???
d0 ---- ----
14
?4??????????????
???
????
L(mm) 300 275 250 225 200 175
T (?) 25 36 52 63 83 98
T (K) 298 309 325 336 356 371
log L
log T
??? S
??
L
???????(??????????? ???????)?????(????)
T ???VSL ?? ? ????/????
L???????T ???????????? ????????
T
?????L????????? ????1 mm ???????????? ?????1??????
???????
L
15
?4??????????????
???
????
L(mm) 300 275 250 225 200 175
T (?) 25 36 52 63 83 98
T (K) 298 309 325 336 356 371
log L 2.48 2.44 2.40 2.35 2.30 2.24
log T 2.47 2.49 2.51 2.53 2.55 2.57
??? S
??
L
???????(??????????? ???????)?????(????)
T ???VSL ?? ? ????/????
L???????T ???????????? ????????
?????L????????? ????1 mm ???????????? ?????1??????
???????
ln T (?-1)ln V ???( C ) ? ln T -(?-1)ln
V C
???? ? ----- -----
16
?????(????????)
?????????????????????V ???????????
d
????? d5.30.5 mm ?d0.5 mm ?? h
212.60.5 mm ?h0.5 mm
mm3
h
V