The Endocrine System

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The Endocrine System

• Brian Burkhart
• Christine Cocchia
• Jessica Kestler
• Amanda Langenauer

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General

• Regulates
• - metabolism
• - growth/development
• - puberty
• - tissue function
• - determining mood

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General, continued

• Information signaling system
• Regulated mostly by negative feedback
• Main hormone production within the body

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Whats in it.

• Hormones glands.
• Hormones-transfer infofrom one cellto another

• Glands group of cells that produce and give
  off chemicals.
• ( 7 major glands )

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1) Hypothalamus

• Located at lower central part of brain
• Secretes hormones that affect pituitary gland
• - controls
• - water balance - appetite
• - sleep - blood pressure
• - temperature

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Hypothalamus
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2) Pituitary

• Considering the most important part
• master gland
• Located at the base of the brain
• Controls many functions of other glands
• has two parts anterior lobe posterior
  lobe

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2) Pituitary, continued

• the anterior lobe produces hormones regulated by
  the hypothalamus
• The posterior lobe produces hormones that are not
  regulated by the hypothalamus

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Pituitary Gland
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3) Thyroid

• Located in the lower front part of the neck
• Produces hormones that regulate metabolism
• Also helps with bone growth, development of the
  brain, nervous system.

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3) Thyroid, continued

• Helps maintain normal - blood pressure -
  heart rate
• - digestion
• - muscle tone
• - reproductive function

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Thyroid
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4) Parathyroid Glands

• Two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface
  of the thyroid
• Regulates calcium levels bone metabolism

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Parathyroid
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5) Adrenal Glands

• Triangular-shaped located on top of both
  kidneys
• two parts adrenal cortex medulla

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5) Adrenal Glands, cont.
- adrenal cortex - metabolism -
balance of salt/water - helps immune
system - sexual function

• adrenal medulla
• - produces hormones that help the body deal with
  physical and emotional stress

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The Adrenal Glands
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6) Pineal Body

• Located at the middle of the brain
• Secretes melatonin which helps with the
  wake-sleep cycle

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Pineal Body
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7) Reproductive Glands

• Main source of sex hormones
• female reproductive organ ovaries
• Male reproductive organ
• testes

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Reproductive Glands, cont.

• Ovaries
• - located on both sides of the uterus
• - produces estrogen, progesterone, and eggs

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Reproductive Glands, cont.

• Testes
• - located in the scrotum
• - produces androgens (ex. Testosterone)
• - sexual development hair growth-
  produces sperm

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How it works.

• Once a hormone is produced and secreted, it
  travel from the gland it was produced in through
  the bloodstream to the target cell.

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How it works, cont.
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How it works, cont.

• During travel, proteins bind to some of the
  hormones and this affects how much of the hormone
  is available to interact with the cells

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How it works, cont.

• Each hormone also has a receptor. The receptor is
  to make sure it only binds with the cells its
  supposed too.

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How it works, cont.

• One the target cell is reached, both the receptor
  on the hormone and the receptor on the target
  cell bind.
• - allows information to be transmitted

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How it works, cont.

• Since the endocrine system runs off of negative
  feedback.. There are further mechanisms that
  control levels of specific hormones.

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Example of negative feedback

• When calcium levels rise, parathyroid glands
  sense this change and there for turns off the
  production of that specific hormone until needed
  again.

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Example of negative feedback
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Diabetescharacterized by hyperglycemia or
elevated blood glucose

• Type 1
• -Due to insulin
• deficiency
• - More serious
• - Occurs very rapidly or suddenly

• Type 2
• - Due to insulin resistance
• - Slow
• - Symptoms take years to take effect

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Insulin

• When not enough insulin is produced by the
  pancreas insulin deficiency occurs.
• Insulin resistance has enough insulin being
  produced by cells are resistant to its action.

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Diabetes Symptoms

• Increased urine output
• Body loses energy
• Sudden weight loss
• Excessive thirst and hunger

• Slow wound/bacteria healing
• Frequent urinary tract infections
• Blurred vision

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Treatment

• Type 1
• Provide body with insulin
• Tight blood glucose control
• Eat healthy foods
• Early intensive insulin treatment

• Type 2
• Control blood glucose and hemoglobin levels
• Diet and exercise daily
• Reduce complications in small blood vessels

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Islet Cell Transplant

• New Experimental cure for Type 1 Diabetes
• Takes place in labs
• Technicians extract and purify islet cells from
  donors pancreas.
• Surgeon directs tube through opening made in
  abdomen.
• Then infuses islet cells to liver
• Cells move into small blood vessels and start to
  produce more insulin
• After surgery must continue insulin injections
  and take blood sugar

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Islet Cell Transplant
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Diabetes

• Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3F38Q2RKt4

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Osteoporosis

• Causes bones to become weak, thin, or breakable
• If Osteoporosis runs in your family there is a
  60-80 on inheriting the disease.
• Prevention calcium in diet and reduce drinking
  and smoking

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osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis

• Symptoms
• Silent Disease
• Minimal symptoms
• Sudden strain, bump, or fall leads to bone
  fracture.
• Dull pain in lower back and neck

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Osteoporosis

• Treatment
• Diet should contain protein, calcium, and Vitamin
  D
• Estrogen Replacement Therapy stops bone loss
• Calcitonin is an injectable nasal spray enables
  body to hold on to more calcium.
• Regular exercise

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Cushings Syndrome

• Caused by high levels of cortisol in blood
• Pituitary gland does not respond with negative
  feedback

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Cushings Syndrome

• Warnings
• Rapid weight gain, excessive sweating, and
  thinning on skin
• Depression and anxiety
• Depresses the immune and inflammatory responses

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Cushings Syndrome

• Diagnosis
• Dexamethasone suppression test
• 24-hour urinary measurement
• Sampling cortisol in saliva

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Cushings Syndrome

• Treatment
• Tapering off steroids
• Surgical removal of adrenal adenoma and/or
  corticotrophic pituitary adenoma
• If both adrenal glands are removed, must be
  replaced with hydrocorisone or prednisolone is
  imperative.

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Cushings Syndrome