Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

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Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind
and Behavior 2e

• Charles T. Blair-Broeker
• Randal M. Ernst

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Biopsychological Domain
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The Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter
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The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

• Module 06

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Neurons The Building Blocks of the Nervous
System

• Module 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine
  System

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Nervous System

• The electrochemical communication system of the
  body
• Sends messages from the brain to the body for
  movement
• Brings information to the brain from the senses

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Neuron

• A nerve cell the basic building block of the
  nervous system
• Neurons perform three basic tasks
• Receive information
• Carry the information
• Pass the information on to the next neuron

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Parts of the Neuron
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Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites
Dendrite The branching extensions of a neuron
that receive information and conduct impulses
toward the cell body
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Parts of the Neuron - Soma
Soma The cell body of a neuron, which contains
the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell
healthy
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Parts of the Neuron - Axon
Axon The extension of a neuron through which
neural impulses are sent
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Parts of the Neuron Myelin Sheath
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Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
Axon terminals The endpoint of a neuron where
neurotransmitters are stored
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How Neurons CommunicateThe Neural Impulse

• Module 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine
  System

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Action Potential

• A neural impulse a brief electrical charge that
  travels down the axon of a neuron
• Considered an on condition of the neuron

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Action Potential
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Refractory Period

• The recharging phase during which a a neuron,
  after firing, cannot generate another action
  potential
• Once the refractory period is complete the neuron
  can fire again

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Refractory Period
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Resting Potential

• The state of a neuron when it is at rest and
  capable of generating an action potential
• The neuron is set and ready to fire

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Resting Potential
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All-or-None Principle

• The principle stating that if a neuron fires it
  always fires at the same intensity
• All action potentials are of the same strength.
• A neuron does NOT fire at 30, 45 or 90 but at
  100 each time it fires.

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How Neurons CommunicateCommunication Between
Neurons

• Module 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine
  System

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Synapse

• The tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon
  terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of
  another neuron
• The action potential cannot jump the gap

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Neurotransmitters

• A chemical messenger that travels across the
  synapse from one neuron to the next
• Can influence whether the second neuron will
  generate an action potential or not

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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
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Excitatory Effect

• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more
  likely that the receiving neuron will generate an
  action potential or fire
• The second neuron is more likely to fire.

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Inhibitory Effect

• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less
  likely that the receiving neuron will generate an
  action potential or fire
• The second neuron is less likely to fire.

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How Neurons Communicate The Neural Chain

• Module 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine
  System

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Receptor Cells

• Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the
  body that can turn other kinds of energy into
  action potentials (neural impulses) that the
  brain can process
• Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a
  neural impulse the brain understands.

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Sensory Nerves

• Nerves that carry information from the sensory
  receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
• Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal
  cord

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Interneurons

• Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
  responsible for processing information
• Related to sensory input and motor output

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Motor Nerves

• Nerves that carry information from the brain and
  spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
• Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord
  to other parts of your body

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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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The Structure of the Nervous System

• Module 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine
  System

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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS)

• The brain and spinal cord
• The brain is the location of most information
  processing.
• The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from
  the brain.

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• The sensory and motor nerves that connect the
  brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body
• Peripheral means outer region
• The system is subdivided into the somatic and
  autonomic nervous systems.

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System

• The division of the peripheral nervous system
  that controls the bodys skeletal muscles
• Contains the motor nerves needed for the
  voluntary muscles

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System

• The division of the peripheral nervous system
  that controls the glands and muscles of the
  internal organs
• Monitors the autonomic functions
• Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive
  processes
• Sub-divided into the sympathetic and
  parasympathetic nervous systems

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System

• The part of the autonomic nervous system that
  arouses the body to deal with perceived threats
• Fight or flight response

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System

• The part of the autonomic nervous system that
  calms the body
• Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

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Divisions of the Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of
the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Endocrine System

• Module 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine
  System

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Endocrine System

• One of the bodys two communication systems
• A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical
  messengers that circulate in the blood

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Hormone

• Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine
  glands and circulated in the blood
• Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are
  also messengers
• Slower communication system, but with longer
  lasting effects

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Pituitary Gland

• The endocrine systems gland that, in conjunction
  with the brain, controls the other endocrine
  glands
• Called the master gland
• Located at the base of the brain and connects to
  the hypothalamus

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Endocrine System Pituitary Gland
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Thyroid Gland

• Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy
  level in the body
• Located in the neck

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Endocrine System Thyroid Gland
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Adrenal Gland

• Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in
  times of stress
• Located just above the kidneys
• Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and
  norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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Endocrine System Adrenal Gland
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Pancreatic Gland

• Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood

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Endocrine System Pancreatic Gland
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Sex Glands

• Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the
  glands that influence emotion and physical
  development.
• Testosterone primary males hormone
• Estrogen primary female hormone
• Males and females have both estrogen and
  testosterone in their systems.

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Endocrine System Sex Glands
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The End
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