Chapter 6 Ecology

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Chapter 6Ecology

• Preserving The Animal Kingdom

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Animals and Their Abiotic Environment

• Habitat includes all living and nonliving of the
  animals environment
• Tolerance Range the range of values in which
  animals live
• Range of Optimum Defines the conditions under
  which an animal is most successful
• Limiting Factor when factors necessary for an
  animals survival and reproduction in out of
  range
• Taxis when an animal orients itself to an
  abiotic factor

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ENERGY

• Heterotrophic
• Autotrophic
• Energy budget

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TEMPERTURE

• Torpor
• Hibervation
• Winter sleep
• Aetivation

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OTHER ABIOTIC FACTORS

• Include moisture, light, geology, and soils.
• The texture, amount of organic matter, fertility,
  and water holding ablity directly influence the
  number and kinds of animals living in or on the
  soil.

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POPULATIONS

• Populations are groups of individuals of the same
  species that occupy a given area at the same time
  and have unique attributes.
• 2 important attributes involve the potential for
  population growth and the limits that the
  environment places on population growth.

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POPULATION GROWTH

• Exponential growth the population increases by
  the same ratio per unit time.
• Environmental resistance the constraints that
  climate, food, space, and other environmental
  factors place on a population
• Carrying capacity the population size that a
  particular environment can support
• Logistic population growth growth curves assume
  a sigmiod, or flattened S shape

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POPULATION REGULATION

• The conditions that an animal must meet to
  survive are unique for every species.
• Density-independent factors influence the number
  of animals in a population without regard to the
  number of individuals per unit space.
• Ex. Weather conditions often limit population
• Density-dependent factors are more severe when
  population density is high (or sometimes very
  low) than they are a other densities.

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INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

• Intraspecific competition competition aming
  members of the same species.

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INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS

• Members of other species can affect all
  characteristics of a population.
• Interspecific interactions include herbivory,
  predation, competition, coevolution, and
  smbiosis.

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Herbivory and Predation

• Animala that feed on plants by croppig portions
  of the plant, but usually not killing the plant,
  are herbivores.
• This conversion provides food for predators that
  feed by killing and eating other organisms.

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Interspecific Competition

• When members of different species compete for
  resources, one species may be forced to move or
  move or become extinct, or the two species may
  share the resource and coexist.

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Coevolution

• Occurs when species are competing for the same
  resource or during predator-prey interactions
• Also occurs with flowering plants and pollinating
  animals.

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Symbiosis

• Symbiosis some of the best examples of
  adaptations arising through coevolution come from
  two different species living in continuing,
  intimate associations
• Parasitism a common form of symbiosis in which
  one organism lives in or on a second organism.
• Commensalism a symbiotic relationship in which
  one member of the relationship benefits, and the
  second is neither helped nor harmed.
• Mutualism a symbiotic relationship that benefits
  both members

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Other Interspecific Adaptations

• Camouflage occurs when an animals color
  patterns help hide the animal, or a developmental
  stage, from another animal.
• Cryptic coloration is a type of camouflage that
  occurs when an animal takes on color patterns in
  its environment to prevent the animal from being
  seen by other animals.
• Countershading is a kind of camouflage common in
  frog and toad eggs.
• Aposematic coloration warning patterns on
  animals
• Mimicry when a species resembles another species
  and gains porotection.

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COMMUNITIES

• Community-all population living in an area
• Ex a stream community of rainbow trouts that
  helps controll the population of invertebrates
• Dominant species are responsible for
  establishing community characteristic.
• Community diversity a variety of animals in a
  community

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The Ecological Niche

• Ecological niche includes all attributes of an
  animals lifestyle
• Ex where it looks for food, what it eats, where
  it nests the condition of temp.

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Community Stability

• Succession the dominant members os the community
  change a community in predictable ways
• Pioneer community the first community to become
  established in an area
• Seral stage each successional stage
• Sere the entire successional sequence
• Climax community the final community

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Trophic structure of Ecology

• Ecosystems communities and their physical
  environment
• Food Chain the sequence of organisms through
  which energy moves in an ecosystem
• Food webs complex interconnected food chains
• Trophic level organisms grouped accorhing to the
  form of energy used.
• Producers (autotrophs)
• Consumers (heterotrophs)

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Cycling Within Ecosystems

• Biogeochemical Cycles matter moving through the
  ecosystem.

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Ecological Problems

• Name some ecological problems.

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Human Population Growth

• Age structure shows the proportion of a
  population in prereproductive, reproductive, and
  postreproductive classes.
• Birthrates are falling world round due to more
  women in the work force and the AIDS epidemic.

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Pollution

• Pollution is any detrimental change to an
  ecosystem.
• Acid deposition falling sulfuric acid made by
  combined sulfur dioxide and water.
• Greenhouse effect carbon dioxide released in
  burning fuels is accumulating in the atmosphere.
• Biological magnification the accumulation of
  matter in food webs

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Resource Depletion and Biodiversity

• Biodiversity the variety of living organisms in
  an ecosystem.