WWI

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WWI

• 1914 - 1920

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Panama Canal 1904 -1914

• France starts building in 1880s
• They give up due to Yellow Fever deaths
• Walter Reed and Carlos Juan Finlay worked to find
  a cure for Yellow Fever
• U.S. in 1902 buys the building rights from France
• 1903 Columbian government would not allow U.S. to
  build canal
• Rebellion breaks out and Roosevelt helps
• After the revolution we gain land from a fee
  Panama.

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Causes

• Imperialism the policy of extending a nations
  authority over other countries by economic,
  political, or military means.
• Nationalism a devotion to the interests and
  culture of ones nation
• Militarism the development of armed forces and
  their use as a tool of diplomacy

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Alliances

• Triple Alliance or Central Powers Germany,
  Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, later Italy.
• Triple Entente or Allied Powers Britain, France,
  Russia U.S. will Join Later
• Formed to hopefully stop war

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Naval Race

• Germany starts to build a navy to challenge the
  U.K.s.

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Death of a Leader

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Heir to the Austria- Hungary throne
• Assassinated June 28, 1914

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• Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his
  wife in the city of Sarajevo.
• Member of Black Hand
• Supplied by Serbian Government
• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

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Balkin Crisis

• Austro-Hungarians are slowly annexing Serbian
  territory
• Serbia breaks free from Austro-Hungarian rule.
  Russia supports Serbia.
• Germany declares war on Russia and France,
  Russias ally

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Germanys 1st move

• Schlieffen Plan This plan would allow Germany
  to wage a two front war against France and Russia
  at the same time.

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1st Battle of the Marne

• 2 million men both French and German fought along
  the Marne River in France
• 125 mile long fight
• 250,000 lives lost
• French win pushing the Germans 40 miles away from
  Paris
• This helped buy the Russians time to mobilize

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War at a stalemate

• Trench Warfare series of pathways dug into the
  ground.
• 7 ft deep 6 ft wide.
• Germans first used this and they would dig-in on
  higher ground making the Allies dig in on lower
  ground.
• Lower ground was very wet and turned into mud
  holes.

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Chemical Warfare

• 1915 Germans use gas to attack troops.
• Tear Gas Blinded people
• Chlorine was a green color and had a smell to
  it
• Mustard Gas colorless and odorless
• Caused skin irritation and if inhaled it killed
  you.
• Seen as the most inhumane weapon

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Machine Guns

• Machine Gun
• Could kill as many as 15,000 a day
• Most effective weapon of WWI

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Tanks

• 1916 tanks are invented and used in battle
• British introduced them
• First tanks were not great but they proved
  effective in getting through barbed-wire.

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Airplanes

• Airplanes first used in battle but at first only
  used to spy on enemy.
• Next they were used to drop small bombs
• Arial fights called Dog Fights. Planes were
  equipped with a machine gun.

Eddie Rickenbacker
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Lusitania

• May 7, 1915 German U-Boat sinks the Lusitania a
• British Passenger Ship. No warning was given.
• 1,198 die 128 were Americans.

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British Blockade

• British Navy stops all ships in the Atlantic for
  contraband to Germany.
• Germany builds U-Boats and starts Unrestricted
  Submarine-Warfare to sink all ships around
  Britain.

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New Legislation

• Sussex French passenger ship was torpedoed by
  the Germans.
• Wilson warned the Germans and they signed the
  Sussex Pledge.
• Pledge states that Germans will warn ships before
  torpedoing them.
• Germans dont warn ships.

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U.S. Path to war.

• Arthur Zimmermann German Ambassador to Mexico.
• Zimmerman Note
• Wanted Mexico to Ally with Germany incase U.S.
  entered war.
• Mexico would get back lost territory in Texas,
  New Mexico, and Arizona.
• Mexico Says No

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Zimmerman Note/telegram
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Russian power

• Czar Nicholas II gives up power because of an
  uprising.
• People want food and heating fuel
• New leadership takes form and Russias support
  lessons in war

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New Leadership in Russia

• Bolsheviks a communists group that took control
  of Russia
• Vladimir Ilich Lenin was the leader of the group
  and became the leader of Russia

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U.S. Goes to war.

• German U-Boats sink 3 merchant ships
• President Wilson gets approval from Congress
• April 6th, 1917 U.S. goes to war for the Allied
  powers

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Raising an Army

• Selective Service Act men between 21 and 30
  registered for draft
• Most willingly joined
• U.S. Soldiers become known as doughboys
• Some were conscientious objectors or members of
  certain religious groups that could not fight in
  war because of their religious beliefs

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Going to Europe

• 1st round formed the American Expeditionary
  Forces led by General John J. Pershing.
• Sent by convoy systems troop-transport ships
  are surrounded by destroyers or cruisers for
  protection.
• Once in Europe they went to training camps for 12
  months

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Women in WWI

• U.S. Army Signal Corps recruited French-Speaking
  American women to serve as switchboard operators
  or Hello Girls
• 20,000 Nurses
• Yoemen Navy enlists women for 1st time. Served
  in secretarial and clerical positions

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Women work for war

• 1 million women entered work force
• Left work once men returned from war
• Influenza epidemic starts in 1918 - 1919 killing
  675,000 Americans.
• Worst epidemic ever in U.S. History

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Funding the War

• Liberty Bonds like a savings bond and a form of
  loan to the federal government.
• War Revenue Act of 1917 increased taxes to the
  rich as much as 77
• 20 billion barrowed from Americans through
  Liberty bonds

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Regulating Industry

• War Industries Board authority to regulate all
  materials needed in war effort. Headed by Bernard
  Baruch
• Lever Food and Fuel Control Act government
  could set prices and production control for food
  and fuel. Headed by Harry Garfield

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Food Administration

• Food Administration increase crop production
  and decrease food consumption. Headed by Herbert
  Hoover
• Victory Gardens
• Hooverize conserve food
• Limited alcohol consumption
• Volstead Act enforced the 18th amendment

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Getting public support

• Committee on Public Information create
  propaganda posters, newspaper stories, speeches,
  and other materials designed to influence
  peoples opinions
• Headed by George Creel
• People started removing anything German from
  American way of life.

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Dealing with Strikes

• 1919 there were 6,000 strikes because of
  underpay, bad conditions, and long hours.
• National War Labor Board created to handle
  disputes between workers and managers. Less than
  a year handled 1,200 cases involving 700,000
  workers

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Laws

• Espionage Act punished people for aiding the
  enemy or refusing military duty.
• Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the
  government, the flag, or the military in any way.
• Schenck v. U.S. speech can be limited when it
  poses a clear and present danger

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War Ends

• July 15, 1918 the 2nd Battle of the Marne
• Germans use all resources
• U.S. blew up every bridge the Germans had built
• August 3rd, 1918 German give up after 150,000
  casualties
• Battle of the Argonne Forrest finished the German
  offensive and they soon surrender.

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War Ends continued

• Germany had no economy, and civilians were
  staging food riots
• November Austria-Hungary signed peace agreement
• November 11th, 1918 Germany agrees to armistice

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Wilsons 14 points

• 1-4 called for open diplomacy, freedom of the
  seas, removal of trade barriers, and reduction of
  military arms
• 5 fair ways to resolve disputes over colonies
• 6-13 self-determination or the right of people
  to decide their own political status
• 14 Creation of the League Of Nations or a
  organized group of countries that would settle
  disputes, protect democracy, and prevent wars

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Paris Peace Conference

• U.S. Woodrow Wilson
• U.K British Prime Minister David Lloyd George
• France French Premier George Clemenceau
• Italy Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
• Called the Big Four
• Germany, Austria-Hungary and other not invited

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Treaty of Versailles

• Germany had to disarm its military forces and
  shrink them
• Germany shrinks in size, and gives up its
  colonies to League of Nations
• Reparations or war damages paid to all nations
  hurt by Germany
• 9 new nations created
• War-Guilt Clause Germany took sole
  responsibility for war
• Germany signs Treaty on June 28, 1919

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U.S. problems ratifying treaty

• Senators divided into 3 groups
• Reservationists lead by Henry Cabot Lodge had a
  problem with the design of the League of Nations
• U.S. rejects the treaty and does not join the
  League of Nations
• U.S. signs 3 separate treaties with Austria,
  Germany, and Hungary

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Impact

• 14 million dead
• 7 million men permanently disabled
• 280 billion in total cost
• Overthrow of the monarchies in Russia,
  Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire