Responses to the Industrial City (cont.)

1
Responses to the Industrial City (cont.)

• Planning, Social Theory Policy

2
City Beautiful Movement Goals

• beauty, order, system harmony
• Middle upper middle-class effort to refashion
  the city into beautiful, functional entities

3
Garden City Movement

• Eb. Howards
• Garden Cities Concepts
• "To-morrow A peaceful path to Real Reform
• (1898)

4
Impact in Britain

• Letchworth
• 1903
• Welywyn
• 1920

5
(No Transcript)
6
British New Towns

• Post World War II Britain Planning Act (1948)
  rebuilt avoid excesses of American suburban
  growth
• Development Corps w/ direct Treasury finance
• By 1971 28 towns (1,415,000 people)
• - 182,000 new houses
• - over 35 mil. Sq. ft. of new factory space

7
American Influence

• Design Implications Radburn Plan
• Greenbelt Cities
• New Towns (?) Reston, New York Columbia,
  Maryland

8
Greendale WI

• 1938

9
LeCorbusier
10
Modernist Influence

• Public Housing

11
Modernist Influence

• Town Plans
• Brasilia
• Chandigarh

12
Social Science

• Chicago School Human Ecology
• Park Burgess
• Social Change
• (Deviance)
• Ethnography
• Ecology

13
Homer Hoyts Model
14
Assessing the American Dream
15
A Nation of Homeowners -?

• 1920 20
• 1940 44
• 1960 60
• 1980 66
• 2000 67

16
Housing Market

• Industrial City introduced generalized housing
  market
• Before Twenties Boom
• Prior to economic boom, two-thirds of American
  population judged to be poorly served by private
  market (the Housers)

17
1920s Changing Urban Form

• Streetcar Suburbs radial development, lower
  density greater dispersion
• In 1920s, for the first time, suburbs grew faster
  than the central cities much faster
• Automobiles contribution The city is doomed .
  . . We shall solve the city problem by leaving
  the city. Henry Ford
• Policy related to home ownership . . .

18
(No Transcript)
19
20s Streetcar Automobile Suburbs take-off
20

• Influence on the shape of the city filling in
  the radius w/ lower densities
• Streetcar suburb Av. Lot size 3,000 sf
• Auto suburb Av. Lot size 5,000 sf
• Pop. Density fell from 20,000 sq. mile to 10,000
  sq mile in auto suburb

21
Depression Era Impact

• i. Construction Industry fell 95
• (28-33)
• ii. Mortgage Defaults by 1933, 50 technically
  in default

22
(No Transcript)
23
Responses

• Home Owners Loan Corporation (1933)
• Federal Housing Administration (1934)
• Keynesian Suburbs

24
John Maynard Keynes
25
New Lending Practices

• FHA Insurance eliminate banking risk
• Allowed financing of up to 93 of cost (instead
  of 50-75)
• Repayment period extended from standard 10 years
  to 25-30 years

26
Geography of Loans

• Race Homer Hoyts 1933 analysis
• English, Scotch, Irish, Scandinavian
• North Italians
• Bohemians or Czechs
• Poles
• Lithuanians
• Greeks
• Russian Jews
• South Italians
• Negroes
• Mexicans

27
Geography of Loans

• City vs. Suburb
• 1. Age of property
• 2. Rental Property vs. Home Owner
• FHA assessment practices redlining