Kingdoms

1
Kingdoms

• Dr. Childs
• Science Computer Lab
• Winter, 2004

2
Concepts

• Types of cells prokaryotes eukaryotes
• Nutrition autotrophs heterotrophs
• Number of cells unicellular, colonial,
  multicellular
• Reproduction sexual asexual
• Motility non-motile motile

3
Types of Cells

• Prokaryotes
• Cells lack nuclear membranes
• No membrane bound organelles as mitochondria or
  chloroplasts
• Reproduce by binary fission
• Includes
• bacteria
• cyanobacteria ( blue-green algae)

bacteria
4
Types of Cells

• Eukaryotes
• Cells have nuclear membranes
• Membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria or
  chloroplasts
• Reproduce by mitosis
• Includes
• Protista
• Fungi, plants, and animals

5
Types of Nutrition

• Autotrophs
• Organisms produce their own carbon compounds
  (sugars)
• Energy from sunlight photoautotrophs
  (includes plants and some bacteria)
• Energy from chemicals chemoautotrophs (bacteria
  from deep sea vents)
• Heterotrophs
• Carbon compounds from other organisms
• Fungi (include decomposers)
• Protists and animals

6
Numbers of Cells

• Single celled organisms
• Includes bacteria and some protists
• Colonial organisms
• Some bacteria and algae
• Single cells attached together
• Earliest tissues
• Multicellular organisms
• Specialized cells with different functions
• Tissues and organs
• Fungi, plants, animals

Colonial organism
7
Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction
• Exchange of genetic material (DNA)
• Male (motile sperm) and female (stationery egg)
• Pollen and seeds in plants
• Asexual reproduction
• No exchange of DNA
• Common in plants
• Includes
• grafting or
• rooting a branch in water
• cloning in animals

8
Motility

• Motile
• Able to move
• Includes animals hunting move actively
• Non-motile
• Not able to actively move
• Most plants are rooted
• Consider that plant may have seeds that move
  passively with animals (insects or birds) or with
  the wind
• Some animals as sponges motile stages as larvae
  but are non-motile as adults

Maple seed
9
Kingdoms

• Kingdoms are major groups of organisms with
  distinct characteristics and are the most
  inclusive of the taxonomic classifications.
• There are six generally accepted kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
• Note In many texts Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
  have been grouped as Monera.

10
Relationships Among Kingdoms
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Earliest Life
11
Archaebacteria

• Archae- derived from ancient (as
  archeology)
• prokaryote, single cell
• photo- and chemosynthetic
• Reproduction by binary fission
• Exist in extreme environments
• Hot springs Yellowstone
• deep sea vents (chemosynthesis)
• High salt Great Salt Lake
• Dead Sea

12
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Deep sea thermal vents
Hot springs
13
Eubacteria

• Eu- derived from true
• Prokaryote, single cell some colonial
• Heterotrophic, some photosynthetic
• Reproduction by binary fission
• Common in almost all environments
• Soils water
• Foods
• Intestine skin
• Extremely diverse
• Many beneficial (produce cheese)
• Few cause disease ( pathogens )

14
Eubacteria
Motile bacteria
Bacteria
Isolation diagnosis
Penicillin
15
Protista

• Eukaryotes
• Many unicellular some colonial few
  multicellular
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• Cellular Reproduction by mitosis
• Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic, and some
  both
• Includes two major groups - protozoa and algae

16
Protista - Protozoa

• Mostly single cell
• Mostly heterotrophic, some autotrophic
• Many motile (cilia flagella)
• Many free-living
• Amoeba
• Paramecium
• Includes medically important parasites
• Malaria
• African sleeping sickness
• Some symbiotic in termites

Paramecium
17
Protista - Protozoa
Paramecium
Amoeba
African Sleeping Sickness
Termite symbiont
Malaria
18
Protista - Algae

• Some unicellular, some colonial, some
  multicellular
• Mostly autotrophic (photosynthetic) - Important
  source of atmospheric oxygen
• Many attached to substrate some motile
• Marine (salt water) and aquatic (fresh water)
• May be ancestors of plants

Green algae
19
Protista - Algae
Kelp
Volox Colonial green algae
Green algae pond scum
Brown seaweed
Green seaweed
20
Fungi

• Eukaryotes
• All heterotrophic
• Important decomposers
• Mostly multicellular with filamentous bodies
• Some unicellular ( yeasts)
• Asexual and sexual reproduction

21
Fungi
Mushrooms
Penicillum antibiotic
Ringworm parasitic fungi
Molds
Yeast Breads
Toxic interior mold
22
Plantae

• Eukaryotes
• Almost all autotrophic (photosynthetic)
• Multicellular tissues (roots, stems, leaves)
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction (seeds fruits)
• Mostly terrestrial aquatic secondarily

23
Plantae
Maple
Cactus
Bluebell
Pine
Cypress tree
Moss
Radish
Fern
24
And, finally
25
Animalia

• Eukaryotes
• Principally sexual reproduction
• Heterotrophic mainly food hunters
• Multicellular - tissues and organs
• Development of a head and nervous system
• Usually an digestive tract

Planaria
26
Animalia
Jellyfish
Mammal

Starfish
Fish
Insect
Earthworm
Hermit crab
Sponge
27
(No Transcript)