CHAPTER 8 VOCAB

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CHAPTER 8 VOCAB
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8-1 and 8-2MITOSIS VOCAB
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• Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism

Sex chromosomes
2 matching chromosomes that are the same size,
same shape, and carry genes for the same traits.
HOMOLOGOUS
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• Proteins that help DNA wrap up into chromosomes

histones
2 identical arms that make up a chromosome
chromatids
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• Chromosomes that are not the
• sex chromosomes

autosomes
An organized picture of an organisms chromosomes
karyotype
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• Proteins that control the activity
• of a segment of DNA by turning genes on and off.

Non-histones
Spot in the center of a chromosome that holds the
chromatid arms together
centromere
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• Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are visible,
  the nucleus returns, spindle fibers disappear,
  and DNA spreads out as chromatin

telophase
Pinched in place in an animal cellmembrane
during cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
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• Cells that have 2 copies of eachchromosome

Diploid or 2n
Type of division seen in bacteria
Binary fission
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• Phase in which the cytoplasm issplit between the
  2 daughter cells

cytokinesis
1st phase of mitosis in which thenucleus
disappears and centrioles and spindle fibers
appear.
prophase
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• Type of nuclear division that produces 2 daughter
  cells that are genetically identical to the
  parent cell

mitosis
Type of nuclear division that producesfour
daughter cells that have ½ the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell
meiosis
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• Cells that have only one copy ofeach chromosome

Haploid OR 1n
Repeating sequence of events that cells go
through during their lifetime
Cell cycle
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• Phase in which the nucleus divides

mitosis
Phase in which cells grow and matureand where
they spend most of their life
G1
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• Dark spots that appear next to the nucleus in an
  animal cell during prophase which contain the
  centrioles

centrosomes
Disc shaped protein in the centromereregion
where spindle fibers attach
kinetochore
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• Phase in which the chromosomesline up in the
  middle of the cell

metaphase
Phase in which cells make the molecules and
organelles needed forcell division
G2
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• Phase in which the DNA is copied

S or SYNTHESIS
Phase in which cells leave the cycle and stop
dividing all together
G0
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• Phase in which chromatids separate and move to
  opposite ends of the cell

anaphase
Fibers made of microtubules whichpull the
chromosomes apart duringcell division
Spindle fibers
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• Dividing wall that forms during cytokinesis in a
  plant cell to separate the 2 daughter cells

Cell plate
DNA that is spread out in the nucleusof a
non-dividing cell
chromatin
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• DNA that is scrunched up into bundles in a
  dividing cell

chromosomes
Dark spot in the nucleus of a cell that makes
ribosomes
nucleolus
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8-3 MEIOSIS VOCAB
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• Reproductive cells like sperm or eggs

gametes
Pairing up of homologous chromosomes during
Prophase I of meiosis
synapsis
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• The exchange of genetic material
• between homologous chromosomes

Crossing over
The pair of homologous chromosomes that forms
during synapsis
tetrad
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• New mixtures of genetic material

Genetic recombination
The random separation of maternaland paternal
chromosomes duringAnaphase I.
Independent assortment
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• The production of mature sperm

spermatogenesis
Type of reproduction that does not involve
meiosis or joining of gametes and genetic
material comes from only 1 parent
Asexual reproduction
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• The production of mature eggs

oogenesis
The type of reproduction that involves the union
of gametes and combinesgenetic material from 2
parents
Sexual reproduction
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• Small cells produced during oogenesis when the
  cytoplasm divides unevenly which degenerate

Polar bodies
Type of cell division used to producegametes
meiosis
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• Type of cell division used by organisms to grow
  bigger, repair injuries, and replace worn out
  cells.

mitosis