Plant Evolution

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Plant Evolution Diversity Overview
LEC 01

• LOCAL FLORA Lecture 01
• Dr. Donald P. Althoff

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ANGIOSPERMS
SEEDS FRUITS (not ___________)
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Algae-to-Plants Land Conquered

• _______ or rootlike structures
• Conducting _________
• Stiffening substance __________
• Waxy ___________
• Pores called ____________

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Flowering plants
mosses
ferns
conifers
________
______
_____________
_______________
protista
Algaeplant-like _________ organisms
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Reproduction on land key

• Needed to have new method to transport sperm to
  eggs
• Accomplished by having sex cells carried by
  _____or ____or ________
• And, _______ of developing embryos from
  __________...

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Evolutionary processcont

• First, ________
• Followed by _______
• Then, in the most advanced plants,
  ________________

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ALTERNATING GENERATIONS Gametophyte (n)
produces gametes Sporophyte (2n) production of
spores by meiosis
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Think 4 Major Divisions

• Bryophyta
• Pteridophyta
• Coniferophyta
• Anthrophyta

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Division BryophytesLIVERWORTS MOSSES

• 16,000 species
• _____ true roots, leaves stems
• root equivalent -- RHIZOIDS
• ____________ plants
• rely on diffusion or poorly developed conducting
  tissues to distribute water nutrients

NON-vascular plants
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LIVERWORTS MOSSEScont

• most are _______ (2cm) max height
• main adaptation to land _____________
  REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES archegonia
  (egg develops) antheridia (sperm formed)

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LIVERWORTS MOSSEScont

• sperm must swim to egg through a ____ ___________
• egg emits a _______________ to aid in location by
  the sperm
• timing of reproduction MUST coincide with
  _________________this is very __________ in dry
  environments

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VASCULAR PLANTS (3 MAJOR CATEGORIES)

• Seedless Club mosses, horsetails,
  ferns
• Seed-bearing Conifers (pines) flowering
  plants

vascular plants
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Vascular, ___________ bearing plantsFERNS CLUB
MOSSES

• PTERIDOPHYTAferns most successful (12,00
  0 species)
• LYCOPHYTA--club mosses (ground
  pine) (1,000 species)
• SPENOPHYTA--horsetails (15 species)

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FERNS CLUB MOSSEScont

• Distribution and dominance-wise, these plant
  divisions _____ seen better days
• Life cycles, again, tied to moist
  conditions ex dominant plant body for
  ferns is the sporophyte (frond)

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Non-flowering, seed bearing plants Plants PINES,
GINKGOS, CYCADS

• Pines (500 species) (Conifers)
• Ginkgos (1 species Ginkgo biloba can you
  remember this one?) -- male female
  trees -- extinct in wild -- resistant to
  air pollution
• Cycads (160 species)

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Conifers EVERGREENS(Division Coniferophyta)

• Gymnosperm ____________ in Latin
• Pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks, cypresses
• Once more ______________ and dominant on land
• Most are extremely well-adapted to _____(cold),
  ____ conditions.

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Coniferscont

• Dry cold environment adaptations a) thin
  needles with ______ cuticle b) _____
  contains antifreeze (what gives it a
  piney fragrance)
• How do these adaptations help????

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Conifersreproductive cycle

• Dominant form _____ diploid sporophyte
• Male female cones
• Pollen (from male cones) dispersed by wind
• Pollen landing on scale of female cone produces
  pollen tube that burrows into female gametophyte

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Flowering Seed Plants ANGIOSPERMS

• Division ANTHROPHYTA (anthro is Greek for
  _______)
• Angiosperm is Greek for ________
  ___________________ .angiosperms produce their
  seeds enclosed within a fruit
• Diverse group.corn, oaks, water lilies, cacti,
  and buttercups

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Angiospermscont

• 230,000 species
• the ________ plant division for over 100
  million years
• 3 major adaptations a) flowers
  b) fruits c) broad leaves

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Flowers
1

• Produced by sporophyte
• Males females generally in same flower
• _______ formed in anther (male)
• _______ formed in ovary (female)
• Fertilization accomplished with pollen tube
  through the stigma

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All in!
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Fruit
2

• Contains the ovary which contains a
  ______________
• This adaptation greatly enhanced __________.most
  seeds pass through digestive tracts of animals
  unharmed. Some attached to fur.

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Seeds

• Important source of food for humans.including
  prehistoric times a) easy storage (if
  kept dry) b) source of protein, oils,
  carbohydrates, vitamins same goes for
  germinating seed

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Broad Leaves
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• During favorable conditionsparticularly in
  tropical and temperate zones_____ ______________
  available to collect sunlight for photosynthesis.
  
• Excess production allows for storageand
  subsequent dormant period

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Broad Leavesliabilities

• Broad, ________ leaves are more appealing to
  herbivores than conifer leaves (needles)
• To __________.some have developed
  defenses a) thorns, spines,
  resins b) chemical compounds that may be
  toxic or distasteful

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Flowering plants
mosses
ferns
conifers
Flowers
Seeds
Vascular tissue
All multicelluar
protista
Algaeplant-like single-cell organisms