System type, steady state tracking,

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System type, steady state tracking, Bode plot
C(s)
Gp(s)
R(s)
Y(s)
Type N
At very low frequency gain plot slope 20N
dB/dec. phase plot value 90N deg
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Type 0 gain plot flat at very low frequency
phase plot approached 0 deg
Kv 0 Ka 0 Low freq phase 0o
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Type 1 gain plot -20dB/dec at very low
frequency phase plot approached 90
deg
Low frequency tangent line
Kp 8 Ka 0 Low freq phase -90o
Kv
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Back to general theory
N 2, type 2 Bode gain plot has 40
dB/dec slope at low freq. Bode phase plot
becomes flat at 180 at low freq. Kp DC
gain ? 8 Kv 8 also Ka value of straight
line at ? 1 ws0dB2
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Type 1 gain plot -40dB/dec at very low
frequency phase plot approached 180
deg
Low frequency tangent line
Kp 8 Kv 8 Low freq phase -180o
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Example
Ka
ws0dBSqrt(Ka)
How should the phase plot look like?
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Example continued
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Example continued
Suppose the closed-loop system is stable If the
input signal is a step, ess would be
If the input signal is a ramp, ess
would be If the input signal is a unit
acceleration, ess would be
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System type, steady state tracking, Bode plot
At very low frequency gain plot slope 20N
dB/dec. phase plot value 90N deg If LF gain
is flat, N0, Kp DC gain, KvKa0 If LF gain is
-20dB/dec, N1, Kpinf, KvwLFg_tan_c , Ka0 If
LF gain is -40dB/dec, N2, KpKvinf,
Ka(wLFg_tan_c)2
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System type, steady state tracking, Nyquist plot
C(s)
Gp(s)
As ? ? 0
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Type 0 system, N0
Kplims?0 G(s) G(0)K
Kp
w?0
G(jw)
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Type 1 system, N1
Kvlims?0 sG(s) cannot be determined easily from
Nyquist plot
w?infinity
w?0
G(jw) ? -j8
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Type 2 system, N2
Kalims?0 s2G(s) cannot be determined easily from
Nyquist plot
w?infinity
w?0
G(jw) ? -8
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System type on Nyquist plot
Kp
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System relative order
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Examples
System type Relative order
System type Relative order
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• Margins on Bode plots
• In most cases, stability of this closed-loop
• can be determined from the Bode plot of G
• Phase margin gt 0
• Gain margin gt 0

G(s)
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If never cross 0 dB line (always
below 0 dB line), then PM 8. If
never cross 180 line (always above 180),
then GM 8. If cross 180
several times, then there are several GMs. If
cross 0 dB several times, then there
are several PMs.
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Example Bode plot on next page.
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Example Bode plot on next page.
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1. Where does cross the 180
   lineAnswer __________at ?pc, how much is
2. Closed-loop stability __________

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1. crosses 0 dB at __________at
   this freq,
2. Does cross 180 line? ________
3. Closed-loop stability __________

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Margins on Nyquist plot

• Suppose
• Draw Nyquist plot G(j?) unit circle
• They intersect at point A
• Nyquist plot cross neg. real axis at k

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