Species Interactions

1
Species Interactions

• Section 4-2
• Pages 92-93

2
Species Interactions

• Species within a community develop close
  interactions, known as symbiosis.
• Sym means together
• Bio means life
• Symbiosis means living together and describes
  the close relationships developed between
  species.
• Symbiotic relationships will always benefit at
  least one organism involved.

3
Species Interactions

• There are 5 major types of symbiotic
  relationships
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Competition
• Mutualism
• Commensalism

4
Predation

• Predation is a relationship where one organism
  captures and consumes another.
• Predator organism doing the capturing
• Prey organism being captured
• A predators survival depends on its ability to
  catch its prey.
• Ex rattlesnake venom, spider web, etc.
• A preys survival depends on its ability to avoid
  being caught.
• Camouflage, mimicry, physical/chemical defenses

5
Prey Defenses

• Mimicry a defense where one organism resembles
  another that is dangerous or poisonous
• There are two types of mimicry
• A harmless organism closely resembles a dangerous
  one
• Known as Batesian mimicry
• Predators learn to avoid both species
• Ex King snake and coral snake
• Two harmful organisms resemble one another
• Known as Mullerian mimicry
• Added advantage to their already harmful
  adaptations
• Ex Bees and wasps have similar striping

6
Prey Defenses

• Plants have also developed adaptations to protect
  them from predators.
• Physical defenses make them difficult to eat
• Ex Spines, thorns, tough leaves
• Can produce secondary compounds
• Secondary compounds are synthesized from products
  of the plants metabolism
• Usually poisonous, irritating, or bad-tasting
• Ex Poision ivy and poison oak

7
Parasitism

• Parasitism symbiotic relationship where one
  organism is harmed and the other is helped
• Parasite feeds on the host organism
• Unlike predation, it does not result in the
  immediate death of the host
• Ex tapeworms can live in human digestive tract
  for long periods of time

8
Parasitism

• There are 2 different types of parasites
• Ectoparasites
• External parasites live on the outside of the
  host
• Ex ticks, fleas, mosquitoes
• Endoparasites
• Internal parasites live inside the hosts body
• Ex bacteria, protists, tapeworms

9
Competition

• Competition the use of the same limited
  resource by two or more species in the same place
  at the same time
• Resource anything necessity of life (water,
  nutrients, light, food, or space)
• Competition may cause the development of
  different niches or physical characteristics.

10
Competition

• Competitive Exclusion Principle
• No two species can occupy the same niche in the
  same habitat at the same time
• Ex Paramecia
• Two species of paramecia will thrive separately,
  but when put together, one species is eliminated

11
Competition

• Organisms may develop physical differences
  because of competition for resources.
• Character Displacement evolution of anatomical
  differences that reduces competition
• Happens most where ranges of competitors overlap
• Ex Darwins finches
• Species found in separate locations have the same
  beak size
• The same species found together have different
  beak sizes
• allows them to feed on different seeds and
  reduces competition

12
Competition

• Organisms may develop differences in niches
  because of competition for resources.
• Resource Partitioning species coexist by using
  only part of the available resources
• Ex some birds eat the same insects, but hunt for
  them in different places

13
Mutualism

• Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both
  organisms are helped in some way.
• Ex Plants and their pollinators
• Pollinators feed on the plants and pollen gets
  stuck to them.
• Pollen is deposited on the next plant, allowing
  the plants to reproduce sexually.

14
Commensalism

• Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where
  one organism benefits and the second is neither
  harmed nor helped.
• Ex Clownfish and sea anemone
• The clownfish uses the anemone as shelter
• The anemone receives no benefit, but is not
  harmed either
• animation

15
Name the Symbiotic Relationship

• A eagle hunting a mouse.
• Predation
• A tick feeds on the blood of its host and may
  carry disease
• Parasitism
• The flower lives on a tree and absorbs the water
  from runoff and the tree is unaffected.
• Commensalism
• Two different types of finches feeding on seeds.
• Competition
• An ant protects a caterpillar from predators and
  the caterpillar produces a sweet liquid for it to
  drink.
• Mutualism