Chapter 32: Dynamics of Change

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Chapter 32 Dynamics of Change

• Section 4

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Russian Expansion

• For centuries, Russian rulers have focused on war
  and neglected agricultural developments.
• 1500s, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), expanded
  eastward into Siberia and to the Pacific
• Source of fur, farmland, and mineral resources
• Also a place for exiled political prisoners
• Russias campaign for a warm water port
• Peter the great conquered some of Sweden in the
  Baltic
• Catherine the Great conquered some of Poland,
  Belarus, Lithuania, and some of the Ottoman
  Empire near the Black Sea
• Russia became a multinational nation which led to
  conflict

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Revolt and Repression

• Serfs wanted freedom and Nobles started to
  embrace the Enlightenment and French Revolution.
• Some hoped for a constitutional monarchy like
  Great Britain
• The Decembrist Revolt A small group of nobles
  and army officers tried to over throw the Czar in
  1825. Czar Nicholas I crushed the revolt, he
  hung five leaders and exiled hundreds to Siberia
• Czar Nicholas I, then banned liberal books,
  imposed censorship, and spied on many
  students/professors at universities
• He tried to limit landlord powers over serfs but
  it failed.

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Decembrist Revolt
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Anti-Semitism

• Jews suffered legal discrimination and the
  government conducted pogroms, which are organized
  acts of violence against Jews.
• Jews were forced to live in certain areas and had
  limited access to education and jobs.
• Many Jews fled from Russia in the 1800s, many
  sought refuge in Germany.

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A Russian pogrom
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Limited Reform

• By the 1800s, Russians started to realize that
  their political system and economic system was
  stagnating their countries growth.
• The factories has labor shortages due to the fact
  that serfs were bound to farms
• 1861, Czar Alexander II freed the serfs and gave
  them new political rights.
• Citizens still lived in poverty due to debt and
  high taxes.

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Czar Alexander II freed the serfs
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Effects of Industrialization

• The Middle Class grew and education spread
• Better health care and more food led to increased
  population in the countryside
• Land was scarce and living conditions worsened.
• Factory workers worked long days for little pay
  and unions were banned by law.
• Strikes and protests started to occur

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Revolutionary Movements

• The rise of Socialism and Marxism
• Peasants should lead the revolution
• Wanted to end inequality and private ownership
• They assassinated Alexander II, which led to
  suppression by the new Czar
• Members moved toward fighting for factory workers
  and rights for newly freed serfs

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Karl Marx
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Bloody Sunday

• 1904, Father Gapon led a march to Czar Nicholas
  II and was met with heavy resistance
• The marchers wanted better working conditions and
  political freedoms
• A hundred demonstrators were mowed down by
  gunfire and many more were wounded
• The protestors were shocked because they carried
  portraits of the czar and were still attacked

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Father Gapon
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Revolution of 1905

• Riots broke out and the Czar formed a Duma, which
  is an elected assembly
• Despite these reforms the Czar was still an
  autocratic ruler
• Inequality remained and so did repression
• Peasants, national minorities, middle-class
  liberals, and factory workers were still
  disgruntled

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A Modern Russian Duma