D. Fermentation Reaction

1
D. Fermentation Reaction
Very complex reaction
Some living organisms break down sugar to get
energy.
Some of these organisms cause sugar to form
ethanol
zymase
C6H12O6
2 C2H5OH
2 CO2
Sugar
Ethanol carbon dioxide
Requires an enzyme
Zymase
2
F. Polymerization
Makes long chains of repeating units
Monomer Dimer Polymer
- one unit
- two units
- many units together
Polymers are made two ways
3
1. Condensation Polymerization
Water is removed from alcohols to connect them
H H HO--C--C--OH
H H
H H HO--C--C--OH
H H
H H HO--C--C--OH
H H
This is another type of dehydration synthesis
OH H
OH H
2 H2O
Chemicals made from condensation polymerization
polyester
cellulose
nylon
proteins
2. Addition Polymerization
Unsaturated hydrocarbons break bonds and attach
together
H H \ / CC /
\ H H
H H \ / CC /
\ H H
H H \ / CC /
\ H H
No water is removed.
Chemicals made from addition polymerization
polystyrene
polyethylene
4
G. Combustion (oxidation)
Hydrocarbon O2
Burning hydrocarbons
1. Complete combustion
Products are CO2 and H2O
C2H6 7 O2
4 CO2 6 H2O
2. Incomplete combustion
Not enough oxygen is present
Products are
CO and H2O
C2H6 2½ O2
2 CO 3 H2O
5
H. Fractional Distillation
Lighter hydrocarbons have lower melting points
CH4 C2H8
Gases at room temperature
Liquid at room temperature
C8H18
Petroleum mixture of all different hydrocarbons
Heat mixture slowly.
The different hydrocarbons are boiled to a gas
and allowed to rise
As they rise, they cool off until they become
liquids
Heavier hydrocarbons will not rise as high before
they become liquids
Lightest hydrocarbons will rise the highest
6
Crude oil is heated to turn hydrocarbons into
gases
As gases rise, they cool
Heaviest hydrocarbons will liquify at lower levels
Smallest hydrocarbons liquify at higher levels,
where it is cooler.
C8H18
C5H12
C2H6
C10H22