The New South

1
The New South
2
Reconstruction and the New South
3
Bourbon Triumvirate1872 to 1890

• Joseph E. Brown
• John B. Gordon
• Alfred H. Colquitt
• These men either served as governor or as a U.S.
  Senator during this time
• State power was in the hands of these three
  Democrats

4
Redeemers

• Reconstruction was over time to redeem the
  south from hardships Georgias economy was
  devastated from the Civil War
• Expand Georgias economy through business and
  industry
• Grow less cotton and more foods and grains
  usually purchased from the North
• Wanted strong economic ties with the industrial
  North-attract northern investors (to build mills
  and factories)
• Not looking for social or political change
• They wanted to keep many old southern traditions
  including white supremacy (belief that the white
  race is superior to any other race)

5
Positive changes of Redemeers

• Economic reconstruction
• Lowering taxes-
• (meant less government service)
• Expanding Ga.s business and industrial base

6
Review

• What was the goal of the New South movement in
  Georgia?
• to change from agriculture to industry

7
Georgia Constitution 1877

• Georgia legislative writes a new constitution
• Limit and weaken the state government
• This constitution the most restrictive
• limited state government in borrowing
  money
• tax money spending limited
• term of office for governor and state
  senators
• changed from 4 to 2 years

8
Henry Gradythe New South

• Editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper
  from 1880-1889
• He urged Georgians to create a New South by
  developing industry in Georgia
• Industry growing
• textile mills
• coal and iron ore mining
• tobacco factories
• New practices made farming more productive
• Coined the term New South

9
Review

• 1.As a leader of the New South movement what was
  Henry Grady supporting?
• A. blacks leaving the South to work in the
  North
• B. southerners growing more cotton for
  export
• C. northern investment in southern factories
• D. southern investment in northern factories

10
Review

• The New South, envisioned by Henry W. Grady,
  would
• A. Provide separate facilities for
• different races
• B. maintain its southern heritage
• C. rival the North economically
• D. promote tourism

11

• What Georgia leader coined the phrase New
  South?
• A. Alfred H. Colquitt
• B. Rebecca Felton
• C. John B. Gordon
• D. Henry W. Grady

12
International Cotton Expositions1881 1887
1895

• Held in Atlanta
• Industry fairs to highlight Georgias cotton
  textile industry, and natural resources
• Attract northern investors

• To promote Atlantas rebuilding after the Civil
  War
• and to establish Atlanta as a leading city of the
  South

13
Review

• The main purpose of the International Cotton
  Exposition that was held in Atlanta was to
• A. showcase the industries of the New South
• B. get ideas from foreign countries
• C. showcase the cotton gin
• D. bring visitors to Atlanta

14
Tom Watsonand the Populists party

• Leader of the Populists party
• Concerned about Georgias poor and struggling
  farmers both black and white
• Introduced RFD-free delivery of mail to rural
  areas
• Member of Georgias General Assembly and the U.S.
  congress
• Ran for President and Vice President on Populist
  party (lost)
• Called for both blacks and whites farmers to
  unite to get fair treatment from state and
  federal government

• 1905 Stand on civil rights changed now opposed
  all minority rights for African Americans,
  Catholics, and Jews

15
Review

• The Populist party in Georgia was the party of
  the
• A. Wealthy
• B. abolitionist
• C. small farmer
• D. federal bureaucrats

16
Review

• What was Tom Watsons greatest accomplishment?
• A. a voting bill for women
• B. the Rural Free Delivery bill
• C. a bill to provide meat inspections
• D. A bill to increase the minimum wage

17
Rebecca Latimer Felton

• Her husband was a Ga. Congressman and state
  senator who opposed the Bourbon Democrats
• She was a writer, and a reformer
• She campaigned for womens rights
• by writing newspaper articles and
• supported prison reforms
• The first female U.S. senator (24hours)
• when Tom Watson died she served as his
  replacement until a special election she was 87
  years old!

18
1906 Atlanta Race Riot

• 1906 Atlanta scene of one of the worst race riots
  in the nations history
• Alleged reasons for the riot
• Tom Watson spread racial fears
• Hoke Smith used racial fears to gain votes for
  governor
• Atlanta newspapers printed stories about
  violence
• against whites by blacks
• Tensions ran high!
• /

19
Saturday , September 22, local newspaper
headlines carried false reports of black
assaults.

• Four alleged assaults were reported, none of
  which were ever proven, upon local white women.
• Unemployed whites viewed African-Americans as
  threats to jobs
• Jealous of successful African- American business
  men such as Alonzo Herndon.
• The riot lasted for four days
  http//video.pbs.org/
• 
  video/2019972022/
• (48 hours)

20
Impact of the Atlanta Race Riot

• Led to deeper segregation in the city.
• Economic divide between African American social
  elite and the lower class.
• Unwanted negative attention for the New South.

21
Review

• When Rebecca Latimer Felton wrote for the Atlanta
  Journal, she focused on the need for reforms in
• A. voting laws
• B. race relations
• C. the prison system
• D. working conditions

22
County Unit System1917-1960s

• Georgia government struggle between industrial
  and agricultural supporters
• 1917 Agricultural interest-state adopted the
• County unit system
• Democratic party the only active political party
  the state

23

• All 159 counties were classified according to
  population into one of three categories urban,
  town, and rural.
• Urban counties were the 8 most populous town
  counties were the next 30 in population size and
  rural counties constituted the remaining 121.
• Based upon this classification, each county
  received unit votes in statewide primaries.
• The urban counties received six unit votes each,
  the town counties received four unit votes each,
  and the rural counties received two unit votes
  each

24
The way it worked
Number of counties Unit votes
Urban 8 6 48
Towns 32 4 128
Rural 121 2 242
25
County Unit System 1917

• Since there were more counties, the rural
  counties ALWAYS outvoted the urban counties
• County unit system protected small rural counties
  from being controlled by urban areas (where most
  of the population lived)
• Not all people defended segregation
• County Unit System was not based on population
• Court case it violated the 14 amendment
• One person, one vote

26

• Politicians spent more time campaigning in rural
  areas and small towns than in the state's major
  cities.
• Rural counties had control of statewide elections
  that was out of proportion to their size.

• Rural votes served to protect such policies as
  legal segregation and other aspects of white
  supremacy by diluting the influence of urban
  voters and of blacks, who were concentrated in
  Georgia cities.
• 1962 the system was redesigned
• Every vote was to be given equal weight
  regardless of where in the state a voter lived.

27

• The Case of Leo Frank
• Another racially charged event during the New
  South period

28
Leo Frank
29
Mary Phagan
30
Jim Conley
31
Leo Frank Case1913

• Leo Frank, 29, a Jewish factory superintendent
  of the National Pencil Co. in Atlanta
• Convicted of murdering 13 year old Mary Phagan a
  female worker
• Tom Watson began anti-Semitic
• propaganda
• August 17, 1915 Leo Frank
• was lynched in Marietta
• Results in the rebirth of the KKK

32
The Leo FrankCase
http//ww
33
Impact of Leo Frank Case

• Deepened racial issues in the New South period.
• Georgians resentful of big businesses, especially
  of Northerners.
• Discrimination of immigrants, Jews and Catholics,
  and blacks in the Deep South.
• Second rise of the Ku Klux Klan.

34
(No Transcript)
35
Jim Crow Laws1880s -1960s

• Majority of American states enforced segregation
  through "Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black
  character in minstrel shows).
• Took away citizenship rights of African
  Americans.
• In most cases black facilities were inferior,
  older, less well-kept, some cases no facilities
• Plessy vs. Ferguson gave Jim Crow states a legal
  way to ignore their constitutional obligations to
  black citizens

36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38

• The "Jim Crow" figure was a fixture of the
  minstrel shows that toured the South a white man
  made up as a black man sang and mimicked
  stereotypical behavior in the name of comedy

39
Examples of Jim Crow Laws

• Nurses No person or corporation shall require any
  white female nurse are not to nurses in rooms in
  hospitals, in which negro men are placed.
• Buses stations shall have separate waiting rooms
  and separate ticket windows for the white and
  colored races. Alabama
• Railroads The conductor of each passenger train
  is authorized and required to assign each
  passenger to the car or the division of the car,
  when it is divided by a partition, designated for
  the race to which such passenger belongs. Alabama
  
• Restaurants It shall be unlawful to serve food to
  white and colored people in the same room, unless
  separated by a solid partition and unless a
  separate entrance is provided. Alabama
• Intermarriage All marriages between a white
  person and a negro prohibited. Florida
• Education The schools for white children and the
  schools for negro children shall be conducted
  separately. Florida
• Textbooks, Libraries, Education, Teaching,
  Fishing, Boating, and Bathing, Telephone Booths,
  Prisons .

40
Jim Crow Laws
41
Review

• Which things helped Georgia industry grow in the
  late 1800s?
• Railroads
• Bourbon Redeemers
• Henry Grady and the Atlanta Constitution
• Northern investment
• International Cotton Expositions