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World War I

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Title: World War I


1
World War I
  • Chapter 31

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Stagnation in Europe
  • The war in Europe had quickly ground into a
    stagnant mass slaughter on both sides.
  • Trenches
  • Stagnant lines.
  • Casualties on both sides were extraordinarily
    high. Reasons.
  • By early 1917 both sides were running out of
    steam.
  • Germans couldnt go on much longer simply
    throwing new bodies into the war.
  • Britain was highly dependent on foreign shipping
    for keeping its war effort going.
  • Germany needed to end the war soon or lose.

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WWI Western Front Trench Line
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Unlimited Sub Warfare
  • Peace without Victory address.
  • Germanys response
  • January 1917 Germans announce unlimited sub
    warfare
  • Is a repeal of the Sussex Pledge.
  • What is the German gamble?
  • What about the state of the US military seemed to
    justify this gamble?
  • Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations, but
    refuses to enter the war absent some overt act of
    aggression against US.
  • What happens when he tries to arm merchant ships
    for self-defense?

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Wilson Asks for War
  • March, 1917, Zimmerman Note is publicized.
  • What is it?
  • Germanys overt act.
  • Revolution overthrows Czar in Russia and Russia
    withdraws from war. Consequences?
  • Now all Allies democracies
  • Allies are in even more desperate straits.
  • April, 1917 Wilson asks congress for a
    declaration of war.

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Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
  • Isolationism ran deeply in the American psyche.
  • Washingtons farewell address
  • While most favored the Allies, the fever to go to
    war was relatively mild.
  • Fifty US reps, including Jeanette Rankin vote
    against the war
  • Wilson has to glorify the war aims

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Wilsons 14 Points
  • The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by
    United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint
    session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The
    address was intended to assure the country that
    the Great War was being fought for a moral cause
    and for postwar peace in Europe. Fourteen points
    include
  • Abolish secret treaties
  • No territorial gains return to pre-war borders
  • freedom of the seas
  • removal of economic barriers among nations
  • Arms reduction
  • adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of
    both natives and colonizers
  • self-determination for minority groups such as
    Poles
  • international organization to provide for
    collective security and dispute resolution.

12
Creel Manipulates Minds
  • Committee on Public Information. Purpose?
  • George Creel.
  • Creel is very successful.
  • Super-Patriotism.
  • Dehumanizing the enemy
  • Problem Wilson and Creel convince the country
    that the war will create a new international
    utopia.

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Enforcing Loyalty
  • Anti-German hysteria and discrimination.
  • German-American schools and newspapers by the
    thousands were forced to permanently close. In
    cities and towns across the nation, libraries
    burned their German-language books in public
    burnings.
  • City streets in Chicago with German names were
    changed
  • Liberty Cabbage, and Dachshunds became "liberty
    pups".
  • New Orleans, Berlin St. was renamed for General
    Pershing
  • In June 1918 a bill was introduced in the with
    the aim to wipe out German names from the map of
    the United States.17

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Enforcing Loyalty
  • Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918
  • It prohibited any attempt to interfere with
    military operations, to support U.S. enemies
    during wartime, to promote insubordination in the
    military, or to interfere with military
    recruitment. In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court
    unanimously ruled in Schenck v. United States
    that the act did not violate the freedom of
    speech of those convicted under its provisions.
  • In United States v. Motion Picture Film (1917), a
    federal court upheld the government's seizure of
    a film called "The Spirit of '76
  • Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party presidential
    candidate in 1904, 1908, and 1912 was arrested
    and sentenced to 10 years in prison for making a
    speech that "obstructed recruiting." He ran for
    president again in 1920 from prison.

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The Nations Factories Go To War
  • Country unprepared when war started.
  • Army ranked 15th in the world in size.
  • Up-hill battle to mobilize the economy onto a war
    footing
  • Government never had a very effective central
    control over war production. Laissez-fare
    economics wins out

16
Labor
  • Mostly, Feds were able to keep labor in line with
    a combination of strategies.
  • Work or fight rule.
  • National War Labor Board chaired by Former
    President Taft. Its purpose was to arbitrate
    disputes between workers and employers in order
    to ensure labor reliability and productivity.
  • Samuel Gompers (AfofL) supports the war
  • Membership in mainstream labor booms

17
Strikers get Squashed
  • Smaller and more radical organizations,
    especially the Wobblies (IWW), organized strikes
    and industrial sabotage. These groups were
    harassed unmercifully.
  • 1919 largest strike in American history hits the
    Steel industry.
  • Industry reacted mercilessly to strikers demands
    that union be recognized and that they be allowed
    collective bargaining.
  • Strike collapses after black strike-breakers
    brought in.

18
Black Migration
  • War was beginning of a mass migration of blacks
    from the south to the industrial north.
  • Reasons
  • Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was a major racial
    conflict that began in Chicago, Illinois on July
    27, 1919 and ended on August 3.1 During the
    riot, dozens died and hundreds were injured.2
    It is considered the worst of the approximately
    25 riots during the Red Summer of 1919, so named
    because of the violence and fatalities across the
    nation.
  • Migration continues after the war.
  • Beginning of the large black populations in
    industrial northern cities.

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Women Go to Work
  • Women also entered the workforce
  • Helped convince Wilson to support the 19th
    Amendment, giving women the vote ratified in
    1920.
  • Most women gave up their jobs after the war.
  • Boost to womens activism

21
Hoover Sets the Table
  • Food production and availability was a key issue
  • Herbert Hoover chosen to lead Food
    Administration.
  • Volunteerism vs. enforced restrictions.
  • Wheatless Wednesdays meatless Tuesdays
  • Victory gardens.

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Hoover, Cont.
  • Congress restricted use of crops for making
    alcohol
  • Helped advance the cause of prohibition.
  • Many brewers were of German extraction and were
    subject to war-prejudices.
  • 18th Amendment prohibiting the sale of alcohol
    passed in 1919 and began prohibition.
  • Hoovers voluntary approach worked. Farm
    production increased by a quarter and food
    exports to the allies tripled.

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Appeal to Conserve Food
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Bond Drives
  • Hoovers methods were emulated in other agencies
  • Great bond drives.
  • Went overboard those who refused to purchase
    bonds were branded unpatriotic
  • Intimidation and threats.

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Making Plowboys Into Doughboys
  • At the beginning, most Americans assumed that US
    contribution to war would be naval
  • Allies made it clear that they were running out
    of men to throw into the war.
  • The war had been extraordinarily bloody.
  • Allies need America to supply fresh troops.

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Draft
  • Many volunteered for war, but not enough.
  • conscription.
  • Some in congress predicted that a draft would
    cause riots.
  • Compared by some to Slave labor.
  • Had not been a draft in US since the Civil War.
  • Legislation starting draft was passed six weeks
    after war declared.
  • Terms
  • Workers in key industries exempted.

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Doughboys
  • Within a few months, army grows to over 4 Mill.
  • How to get these guys ready to fight?
  • Training timetable had to be accelerated.
  • Nearly a year after US declared war before US
    troops in any force could fight in Europe.

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Fighting In France
  • The need to hurry US troops into action was
    magnified by events in Russia.
  • With Russian out of war, Germany able the send
    battle-tested troops from the Eastern front to
    the Western front.
  • Germany suddenly has a dangerous manpower
    advantage in that theater.
  • America is having shipping problems and is taking
    a long time to get army together and trained.
  • American soldiers began to trickle into France in
    1918, but were not a separate army.
  • Were used to reinforce the Allied armies on a
    unit by unit basis. America is not a separate
    fighting force.

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America Helps Hammer The Hun
  • Spring 1918 the Germans unleash a massive
    offensive that rolled the Allies back with
    frightening momentum.
  • May 1918 Germans within 40 miles of Paris
  • US troops see their first real action as an
    independent unit at Chateau-Thierry.
  • Americans brought a fresh spirit of optimism
  • July 1918 Allies begin to role back Germans.
  • Black Jack Pershing.
  • Muess-Argonne offensive, involving 1.2 Mill. US
    troops.
  • 10 US casualties.
  • Germany getting worn down. Reverses on the
    battle field, and British blockade is taking its
    toll.

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The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
  • October 1918 Germans turn to Wilson seeking a
    peace based on his fourteen points.
  • Wilson says that no negotiations before the
    Kaiser is out of power.
  • The Germans promptly send him packing.
  • Armistace11/11/1918. America rejoices.

32
US Contribution to Victory
  • Americas primary contribution.
  • The potential numbers US could throw into battle
    made it clear to the Germans that they could not
    win.
  • US was forced to rely heavily on European
    equipment
  • Battlefield casualties compared

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Losses in World War I
34
Wilson Steps Down From Olympus
  • At the end of the war Wilson was extraordinarily
    popular both at home and in Europe.
  • Moral leader of the world with most powerful
    economy behind him.
  • That popularity was not destined to last.
  • Impossible to satisfy expectations
  • Wilsons mistakes
  • Biggest and most fatal mistake was mid-term
    election
  • Republicans upset by his delegation to peace
    negotiations. Why?

35
An Idealist Battles The Imperialists
  • People of Europe welcome Wilson with thundering
    acclaim
  • Leaders of the Allied countries were wary. Why?
  • Peace conference was dominated by the Big Four,
    leaders of US, France, England and Italy. Wilson
    in the drivers seat.

The Big Four
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Wilsons Goal
  • Europe was a mess.
  • Wilsons ultimate goal was League of Nations
  • First priority to keep the winners from dividing
    up the colonies of the beaten countries.
  • Wilson had to compromise.
  • What did the treaty say regarding Colonies?

"The Rabbit. 'My offensive equipment being
practically nil, it remains for me to fascinate
him with the power of my eye.'"
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Republicans Carve up the Treaty
  • Henry Cabot Lodge and other isolationist
    Republicans raise objections to the LON treaty
    and insisted on modifications.
  • Enough Senators said would not pass without the
    changes to defeat the treaty.

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Treaty That Bred A New War
  • Wilson forced into a series of compromises
  • Treaty presented to Germans in June, 1919. They
    cried foul.
  • Why?
  • Planted seeds of resentment.
  • Wilson was forced to compromise many of his
    ideals
  • Wilsons popularity is tarnished
  • Treaty did, though, liberate a number of people.

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New Nations
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The Domestic Parade Of Prejudice
  • Wilson returned to political storm.
  • Isolationists hated the LON.
  • Rabid anti-Germans
  • Liberals.
  • Recent immigrants from Axis countries
  • Irish

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Wilsons Tour And Collapse
  • Majority of Americans favored the treaty and
    senate Republicans had no real hope of defeating
    it.
  • What is Republican strategy? Is it successful?
  • Delay causing Americans to become increasingly
    apathetic and confused
  • Wilson decided to go over the heads of congress
    to the people.
  • Went on a barnstorming speaking tour.
  • Collapses and suffers a stroke. One side
    paralyzed.
  • With Wilson incapacitated, Republicans in
    congress have control of the debate.

Wilson on his whirl-wind tour tosell the nation
on a League of Nations
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Wilson Rejects The Lodge Reservations
  • Senator Lodge able to tack on 14 reservations so
    that LON would not bind the US to act.
  • Wilson, who hated Lodge, flatly rejected the
    reservations.
  • What does Wilson order Democrats to do? Why?
    What is the result?

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Defeat Through Deadlock
  • Public pressure forced another vote.
  • 4/5 of senators favored the treaty in some form,
    but the necessary 2/3 majority could not agree on
    a version of it.
  • In 1920 comes up again for a vote with the Lodge
    amendments tacked on again.
  • What does Wilson do? What happens to the treaty?

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Election of 1920
  • Wilsons plan make the election of 1920 a
    referendum on the League
  • Theodore Roosevelt had been the frontrunner for
    the Republican nomination, but his health
    collapsed in 1918 and he died in January 1919,
    leaving no obvious heir to his Progressive
    legacy.

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Election of 1920
  • Both major parties turned to dark horse
    candidates from the electoral vote-rich state of
    Ohio. The Democrats nominated newspaper publisher
    and Governor James M. Cox, in turn the
    Republicans chose Senator Warren G. Harding,
  • Republicans win overwhelmingly. Big business,
    laize faire Republicans back in power.
  • Women voting for the first time.
  • Debs gets nearly a million votes despite being in
    prison.

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Consequences of US Rejection of LON
  • LON left without the vital American international
    support
  • America retreated behind isolationism and let
    Europe find its own way.
  • France feels compelled to rearm, so Germany does,
    too. Without America, the LON was toothless.
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