APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA

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APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA
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UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

• Created in 1910 (power in the 17 white
  population)
• 70 African blacks NO VOTE
• Coloreds (mixed race) and Asians could vote but
  only for white representatives
• BOER or AFRIKANERS formed the majority.
  (Netherlands)

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AFRIKANER NATIONAL PARTY 1948

• Promise rescue from the Black menace
• Dutch Reform Church promote racial inequality
• Some members support Nazi and Fascist views of
  race
• Church promotes idea that blacks should be
  servants whites were the master races,
• Whites fear events in India, Pakistan and
  promotion of racial equality due to WW II.
• Whites afraid of Communism (ANCAfrican National
  Congressa black political movement was viewed as
  communist)

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APARTHEID

• ANP creates system of separate development or
  SEGREGATION in law.
• Population Registration Act- classified all
  people into racial groups from birth
• Whites only group regarded as citizens of South
  Africa
• Group Areas Act- blacks expelled from whites only
  areas placed on reserves and their former homes
  were demolished
• Bantu Self-Government Act- sets up eight
  self-governing regions called BANTUSTANS
  HOMELANDS
• Bantustans 14 of land holds 80 of the
  population
• Segregation in transport, schools, churches,
  beaches, sports, health facilities and so on

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1982
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ENFORCEMENT OF APARTHEID

• Pass Laws- all non-whites had to carry passes
  so police could control them No marriage or sex
  between races.
• Suppression of Communism Act- anyone who promoted
  end to apartheid labeled a communist arrested
  without charges, rigged trials, torture and
  imprisonment
• Black workers forbidden to strike some flogged,
  no unions,
• Bantu Education Act- promotes low level of
  education 10 cents of every dollar spent on black
  child while 90 cents spent on white child.

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All blacks were required to carry pass books''
containing fingerprints, photo and information on
access to non-black areas.
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PROBLEMS OF APARTHEID

• Blacks live in appalling living conditions
• Townships lack basics of sanitation, water and
  electricity
• Schools lack books and teachers
• Men are migrant workers live in hostels away from
  home (causes family breakdown)
• Vicious cycle of poverty, crime and drunkenness

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THE SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE, March 1960

• Blacks assembled in the Sharpeville police
  station to protest the pass laws.
• Supposed to be a peaceful demonstration. Nelson
  Mandela one of the leaders.
• Police gathered, but soon the crowd pelted the
  policemen with stones, and the edgy policemen
  retaliated with gunfire.
• In the end, sixty-nine protesters were killed and
  one hundred and eighty were wounded (some shot
  while trying to flee).

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SOWETO MASSACRE

• "They opened fire. They did not give any warning.
  They simply opened fire. Just like that. Just
  like that. And small children, small defenseless
  children, dropped down to the ground like swatted
  flies. This is murder, cold-blooded murder."

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• A series of youth riots in Soweto, South Africa
  in June 1976.
• Issue government stipulated certain high school
  subjects taught in Afrikaans.
• Started off peacefully with 3-10 thousand
  students marching
• Route blocked, tear gas used, semi-automatic
  weapons, and sniper guns.
• 23 died on the first day, over 575 in total
• Established ANC as primary instrument of reform.
  No longer peaceful.
• Youth leader Steven Biko arrested and beat to
  death in jail

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OUTSIDE PRESSURE

• UN organizes boycotts of white South Africa
• Commonwealth and African states pressure for
  change
• International boycotts, economic dealings,
  sporting bans, diplomatic pressure to release
  Mandela
• International churches attack apartheid
• Dutch Reform Church changes its policy and ends
  support to apartheid

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DESMOND TUTU

• Leader of church campaign to end apartheid
• Promotes release of Mandela from jail
• Wants non-violence between whites and blacks
• Leader of the TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION
  after Mandela became President. Force for
  peaceful change

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BOTHA

• President 78-89 abolishes pass laws, marriage
  laws and segregation too little too late
• Warns whites to change adapt or die

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DE KLERK

• Became president after Botha
• Releases Mandela from jail
• Mandela calls of armed struggle
• Sets up Convention for Democratic South Africa
  with De Clerk
• Seventy percent of whites support De Klerk and
  his policies

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MANDELA

• Leader of the ANC (jailed for 30 years)
• Installed as president in 1994 (one person one
  vote)
• Sets up Government of National Unity

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PROBLEMS FACING MANDELA

• Poverty, violence, racial tension, tension
  between tribes
• Mandela had to win the confidence of white
  business community
• Had to win over foreign investors
• Passed new constitution on basis of majority rule
• De Clerks National Party leaves government and
  becomes ANCs opposition

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Thabo Mbeki 99 to present