The Transformation of the West

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The Transformation of the West

• 1450-1750

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The Italian Renaissance

• 14th/15th Century artistic movement which
  challenged medieval intellectual values and
  styles
• Writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio stress
  secular subjects such as love and pride

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Renaissance Art
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Renaissance Art
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The Italian Renaissance

• Painting
• Realism, classical, and human centered themes
• Religion is on the decline!
• Machiavelli Political discourse
• Humanism focus on humankind as the center of
  intellectual and artistic life

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The Northern Renaissance

• After invasions from France and Spain, the
  renaissance moved North
• Centered in France and England
• A more religious renaissance than the Italian
• Blended secular interests with Christian devotion

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The Northern Renaissance

• England Shakespeare
• Spain Cervantes
• France Francis I becomes a patron of the arts
• Kings were still confined by the old feudal order

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The Protestant Reformation

• 1517 Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in
  Wittenburg
• Protestantism pushed for state control of the
  church, rather than papal authority
• Protestantism was attractive to ordinary people
  as well

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The Protestant Reformation

• Henry VIII sets up the Anglican church(England)
• Calvinism The idea of Predestination, eventually
  makes its way to the New World
• Catholic Reformation is launched to counter
  Luthers attacks

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The Religious Wars

• France Edict of Nantes in 1598 grants religious
  toleration to Protestants
• Thirty Years War 1618, German Protestants
  against Catholic Holy Roman Emperor
• 1648 Treaty of Westphalia grants territorial
  tolerance

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English Civil War

• Parliament claims right of control over Absolute
  monarchy
• Charles I is beheaded
• Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector (not
  King)

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The Commercial Revolution

• Colonial Markets stimulate manufacturing
• Proletariat Growing class of people without
  access to wealth producing property
• Manufacturers and Laborers
• Throughout the 1600s popular protests were waged
  to help gain political rights for peasants

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The Scientific Revolution

• Copernicus (or whomever) figures out that the
  earth revolved around the sun
• Galileo publishes Copernicus works, and adds
  laws of gravity etc.
• Harvey demonstrates movement of blood in animals
  (heart)
• Descartes skeptical review of all received wisdom

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Absolutism and Parliamentary Monarchies

• The Feudal Monarchy becomes undone in the late
  17th Century
• French kings slowly built up power throughout the
  17th Century, crushing nobles power

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France and Louis XIV

• Louis XIV
• Absolute Monarch
• I am the State
• Patron of the Arts
• Palace at Versailles
• Tariffs were set high and colonies were sought
  for raw materials and markets

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Other Absolute Monarchies

• Spain Philip II
• Prussia (Germany)
• Strong army and bureaucracy
• State sponsored school system
• Austria-Hungary Habsburg Rulers

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Britain (the different one) and the Netherlands

• Emphasized role of central state, but encouraged
  parliamentary regimes where king shares power
  with representatives
• 1688 Glorious Revolution finally puts Parliament
  in the drivers seat!

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Growing Political Ideologies

• John Locke (and others)
• Power to rule comes from the people (not from a
  divine right)
• Kings should be restrained to that which operates
  only towards the public interest
• Rights to freedom, property
• Revolution could be justified to oppose unjust
  rule

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Absolute Monarchies and Parliamentary Monarchies

• Nation-States rule people who share a common
  culture, and language (unlike former Empires).
• Nation-States begin to take on additional
  welfare-like functions (even though those that
  need it arent represented)