Manifest Destiny

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Manifest Destiny
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Trends in Antebellum America 1810-1860

1. New intellectual and religious movements.
2. Social reforms.
3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in
   America.
4. Re-emergence of a second party system and
   morepolitical democratization.
5. Increase in federal power ? Marshall Ct.
   decisions.
6. Increase in American nationalism.
7. Further westward expansion.

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Manifest Destiny

• First coined by newspaper editor, John
  OSullivan in 1845.

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over
spread and to possess the whole of the continent
which Providence has given us for the
development of the great experiment of liberty
and federative development of self-government
entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the
tree to the space of air and the earth suitable
for the full expansion of its principle and
destiny of growth."

• A myth of the West as a land of romance and
  adventure emerged.

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American Progress by John Gast, 1872
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The Pony Express

• Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.
• Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO
  and San Francisco, CA.
• Took 10 days.
• Replaced by the completion of the
  trans-continental telegraph line.

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Aroostook War, 1839

• The only war ever declared by a state.
• Between the Canadian region of New
  Brunswick and the state of Maine.
• Cause The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in
  the disputed area of Aroostook by
  Maine officials.
• Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for
  10,000,000 to pay for the war.
• General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a
  border commission was convened to resolve the
  issue.

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Expansion in Texas
Texas Independence (1836-1845)

• 9.3

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GTT - Gone to TexasWhy?Land(Real estate deal-
original 300)Mexicans asked for settlers
(Tejanos)Needed to become Catholic
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Stephen F. Austin (1793-1836)
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Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston(1793-1863)
Steven Austin(1793-1836)
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Sam Houston

• took control of the Texas forces after the fall
  of the Alamo and Goliad, and conducted the
  retreat of the army to the site of the Battle of
  San Jacinto
• April 21, 1836, defeated Santa Anna and secured
  Texas long-sought independence.
• elected the first President of the Republic of
  Texas
• After statehood in 1845, Houston was elected
  Senator from Texas to the Congress of the United
  States.
• Still later, in 1859, Houston was elected to
  serve as Governor of the State of Texas

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Antonio López de Santa Anna (1794-1876)
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Davy Crockett

• With his death at the Alamo, a willing sacrifice
  to Texas freedom, Crockett became a mythic
  figure
• Crockett is the quintessential frontiersman, the
  inspiration for the American image of the
  hunter-hero, a symbol of the Age of Common
  Man, a martyr for the cause of America's
  Manifest Destiny and a celebrity of popular
  culture

"You may all go to hell, and I will go to
Texas."--David Crockett to former constituents,
1835
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The Republic of Texas
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Remember the Alamo!
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The Battle of the Alamo
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures
the Alamo
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Meanwhile..

• Despite the win, the 13-day holdout stalled the
  Mexican Army's progress
• and allowed Sam Houston to gather troops and
• supplies for his later success at the
• Battle of San Jacinto.
• The Texian revolutionaries went on to win the war
  for their independence.

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The Year is 1836 and in therest of the country.
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Overland Immigration to the West

• Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people
  made the trekwestward.

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Trails Westward
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The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869
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THE OREGON TRAIL
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The Oregon Trail, as it wandered across our
valley and what is now Malheur County, was not a
narrow wagon rut. Taking many different paths,
the wagon trains wandered across the valley
created by the confluence of the Boise, Owyhee,
Payette, Malheur, Weiser and Snake Rivers. The
early pioneers were not impressed with the Snake
River Valley. "The plains smoked with dust and
death," remarked Thomas Farnham in 1839. "This is
barren, God-forsken country, fit for nothing but
to receive the footprints of the savage and his
universal associate, the coyote."
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"The Trail ceased in part to be the highway of
the trapper and became the highway for the
colonist and fortune-seeker. The Mormons, after
their expulsion from Illinois, used this trail in
the late 1840s to reach the Great Salt Lake
.
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Sante Fe Trail
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WHAT WAS THE SANTE FE TRAIL? A 1200-mile trail
that was opened in 1821. It began in
Independence, Missouri and extended to Sante Fe,
NM, Mexico For more than 60 years it carried
adventurous traders across five states. The trail
played a great role in the westward expansion of
the United States. Between present-day Larned
and Dodge City were two routes The Dry Route,
which followed the ridges and higher ground The
Wet Route which lay along the bottom lands near
the Arkansas River. West of Dodge City the trail
divided again. It was divided between the
Cimarron Route that crossed the river many times
through Dodge City and the Lakin vicinity, and
also divided by the Mountain Route which followed
the north bank of Arkansas. All over Kansas
there many historic sites and preserved remnants
along the trail. There are famous stopping
points, wagon ruts, and unique landmarks
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The Doomed Donner Party
April, 1846 April, 1847
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The Doomed Donner Party
CANNIBALISM ! !
Margaret Patrick John
Breen Breen Breen

• Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45
  survived to get to California!

James Reed Wife
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The Oregon Dispute 54 40º or Fight!

• By the mid-1840s,Oregon Fever wasspurred on
  by thepromise of free land.

• The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

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The Mexican War (1846-1848)
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Pay Attention Now!

• Fill in the blanks
• The fall of Quebec and Montreal (1760) were
• in a broad sense, the opening battles of the
• ________________ War because.
• Likewise, in a broad sense, the opening shots of
  the
• Mexican War were the opening shots of the
  ________
• War because.

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The Impact of the Mexican War

• Increase American territory by 1/3
• Sharp stimulus for sense of Manifest Destiny
• Schoolroom of the Civil War
• Navy
• Marine corps
• Officers
• Mexican-American animosity
• Aroused the issue of slavery
• Emerson said, Mexico will poison us, and
  Calhoun said,
• Mexico is to us the forbidden fruit. WHAT DO
  THEY MEAN?

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The Slidell Mission Nov., 1845

• Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as
  the TX-US border.
• US would forgive American citizensclaims against
  the Mexican govt.
• US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for
  5,000,000.
• US would California at any price.

John Slidell
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Wilmot Proviso, 1846
Provided, territory from that, as an express
and fundamental condition to the acquisition of
any the Republic of Mexico by the United States,
by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated
between them, and to the use by the Executive of
the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery
nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in
any part of said territory, except for crime,
whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
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The Mexican War (1846-1848)
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The Bombardment of Vera Cruz
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General Scott Enters Mexico City
Old Fuss and Feathers
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

• Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio
  Grande River.
• Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
• U. S. gave Mexico 15,000,000 and agreed to pay
  the claims of American citizens against
  Mexico(over 3,500,000).

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Results of the Mexican War?

• The 17-month war cost 100,000,000 and
  13,000American lives (mostly of disease).
• New territories were brought into the Union which
  forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the
  center of national politics. Brought in
  1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
• These new territories would upset the balance of
  power between North and South.
• Created two popular Whig generals who ran for
  President.
• Manifest Destiny partially realized.

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Unresolved Issues New Opportunities
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Free Soil Party
Free Soil! Free Speech!
Free Labor! Free Men!

• Barnburners discontented northern Democrats.
• Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig
  Parties.
• Opposition to the extension of slavery in the
  newterritories!

WHY?
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The 1848 Presidential Election Results
v
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The Mexican Cession
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GOLD! At Sutters Mill, 1848
John A. Sutter
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California Gold Rush, 1849
49ers
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Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s

• By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled
  theOregon CaliforniaTrails to the
  Pacificcoast.

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Territorial Growth to 1853
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Westward the Course of EmpireEmmanuel Leutze,
1860
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Expansionist Young America in the 1850s
Americas Attempted Raids into Latin America