BIOLOGY PROJECT WORK

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BIOLOGY PROJECT WORK
2007
CONTENT
NATURAL RESOURCES
1.AIR 2.WATER 3.SOIL 4.RAIN 5.WATERCYCLE 6.NITROGE
NCYCLE 7.CARBONCYCLE 8.OXYGENCYCLE 9.GREENHOUSEEFF
ECT 10.OZONELAYER

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1.AIR
 
The mixture various gases like
o2,co2,watervap- Our,nitrogen, etc is called
air. It comprises of atmosphere- The multilayered
gaseous envelope surrounding The planet earth is
called atmosphere.

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THE BREATH OF LIFE AIR
Air Air is a mixture of different
gases. Atmosphere The blanket of air which
covers the earth .
COMPOSITION OF GASES
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NITROGEN 78
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78
OXYGEN 21
CARBONDIOXIDE 0.03
OTHER GASES 0.97
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ROLE OF ATMOSPHERE

  Atmosphere controls the temperature of
planet. It generally makes the temperature
constant. Different layers of atmosphere- 1.   
Troposphere-10-20km 2.    Stratosphere-20-50km 3. 
   Mesosphere-50-100km 4.    Ionosphere-100-200km
5.    Exosphere 200-50km
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AIR POLLUTION
    Presence of various toxic gases in the
atmosphere like carbon dioxide, carbon, mono
oxiode, xides of sulphur, nitrogen, fluoride,
lead,nickel,arsenic,cadmium, etc causes Air
Pollution.
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SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION- 1.    Heavy
metals. 2.    Photochemical smog. 3.   
Smokes. 4.    Ionising radiation. 5.   
Automobile exhaust. 6.    Biocides
elements. 7.    Radioactive elements. 8
Industrial waste
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2.WATER
    Water- The most unusual natural compound
found on earth and which fulfills almost various
demands of different living things.   About three
fourth of the earth surface that is 75 are
covered with water.   Now days water is also
being polluted by human beings.  
   
   
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WATER POLLUTION
    When water becomes unfit for drinking and
other use then water is said to be
polluted.   CAUSES OF WATER PLLLUTION 1.   
Dumping of wastes from the industries into the
water bodies. 2.    Washing near water
bodies. 3.    Spraying chemical in water
field. 4.conducting various radioactive tests in
water. 5.dumping of cabbages and household wastes
in to the water bodies.
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SOURES OF WATER- 1.River. 2.Pond. 3.spring. 4.well
5.rainwases
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3.SOIL
    Soil is the portion of the earth surface
consisting of disintegrated rock and decaying
organic material. It provides the support for
many plants and animals
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HOW SOIL IS FORMED? Soil is formed from the rock
by under going the following two
process- 1.Weathering 2.Paedogenesis Over long
periods of time, thousand and millions of year,
the rock at or near the surface of the earth are
broken down by various physical, chemical and
some biological process. The end product of this
Breaking down in the fine particle of soil
Composition of soil- 1.Gravel. 2.Sand
particle. 3.Clay particle.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL 1.Sandy soil. 2.Clayey
soil. 3.Lomy soil. 4.Residual soil. 5.Black
soil. 6.Red soil. 7.Laterite soil. 8.Transported
soil. 9.Alluvial soil. 10.Desert
soil. 11.Mountainous soil.  
SOIL EROSION- The process of removal of
superficial fertile top layer of soil by various
agencies or forces is called soil erosion
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4.RAIN
     
     
    FORMATION OF RAIN- Rain is formed by
evaporation and condensation Of water through
water cycle in which distribution of water takes
place.   Rain is a very important things because
it carries out all the agriculture processes in
the plants.

   
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FORMATION OF RAIN- Rain is formed by
evaporation and condensation Of water through
water cycle in which distribution of water takes
place.   Rain is a very important things because
it carries out all the agriculture processes in
the plants.   So, we should conserve rain by
contracting dams, pools etc.
 
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5.WATER CYCLE
 
    Water is a compound and includes two
vital elements hydrogen and oxygen. It forms a
very Important components of the environment and
survival of all living organism depends on it.
Ocean is the biggest store house of water which
on evaporation from clouds and which after
condensation down as rain or snow. After rain it
passes through puddles, ponds and rivers and get
collect again in the ocean.
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The circulation of water in this manner is known
as HYDROLIC CYCLE or WATER CYCLE. This cycle is
driven By solar power and also per performed
through living organisms such as absorption and
transpiration of water by plants and drinking by
Animal.
The formation of soil, too, depends on water.
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6.NITROGEN CYCLE
    Nitrogen is another important chemical on
earth and present in all the living organism in
the form of protein, amino acids and nucleic
acids. Further process going on in this cycle
they are- First nitrogen has to be converted into
nitrates for the use of plants. This can be done
either by industrial nitrogen fixation like by
some nitrogen fixation bacteria such as
azotobactor which convert the atmospheric
nitrogen into nitrates which are soluble in water
this process is called nitrogen fixation.
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After an animal excretes urea or uric acid or
after an animal Or plants dies, certain bacteria
carry out ammonification they produce ammonia
ions, or still other bacteria can change it to
nitrateNO3- by nitrification. Plants take in
some of the nitrates produced in this way. The
process of ammonia formation is called
ammonification. Some microorganisms (nitrosomonas
converted ammonia into nitrates) This process is
called nitrification. Finally there are some
(decomposer, e.g., pseudomonas) Which reduce
nitrates back to nitrogen or to ammonia or to
some other oxides. This process is called
denitrification. Free nitrogen returns to
atmospheric pool and oxides are taken up by
plants.
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7.CARBON CYCLE
        The carbon is an important constituent
of organic compounds found in all living things
beings in the form of carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, and nuclei acids. Like the water cycle
is linked to energy flow because producers
Including photosynthetic plants of forests and
oceans and chemo synthetic bacteria of deep-sea
vents- require environmental energy (either
sunlight or inorganic hydrogen compounds) to trap
carbon into sugars (proteins and fats). The
trapped carbon comes from carbon dioxide in
surrounding air or water.
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As the cycle proceeds, consumers devour the
organic carbon compounds that producers
manufacture. Then, via respiration, both
consumers and producers return carbon to the
nonliving environment in the form of carbon
dioxide. Some carbon accumulates for many years
in wood and is eventually returned to the
atmosphere in fires or through consumption and
respiration by fungi, bacteria and other
detritibvores. Volcanic eruption also releases
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Thus, there is
complete cycling of carbon in the environment by
various living and nonliving beings.
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8.OXYGEN CYCLE

    Oxygen is one of
the constituents of water and form about 21 of
the air in the atmosphere. It is required for
respiration for all living organisms.   Oxygen
cycle runs through the following process- By
burning the materials to produce oxygen combining
with nitrogen to produce oxides of nitrogen,
proteins, etc. These compounds after breaking
down releases oxygen in the atmosphere and
maintain forever in the environment. These way
oxygen cycle works
 
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9.GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
 




  Increase in temperature of earth due
to increase in concentration of some gases like
co2, methane, water vapour, dust particles which
causes melting of the glaciers or ice on the
mountains which increase water level of water
bodies, this increase in water level causes,
submerging      

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10.OZONE LAYER
  The oxygen in the atmosphere is the source of
ozone co3. The ozone layer protects organisms By
preventing most of the ultraviolet and X-ray from
reaching the earths surface, otherwise it causes
different disease like skin cancer, cataract and
other skin problems. . Today, a global problem
revolving our head that is the hole in the ozone
layer. This hole is in over the Antarctica and
this has passed the threat of damages to
inhabitants of earth from short-wave ultraviolet
rays.  
   
 
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SOME IMPORTANT POINT
 
 
Uneven heating of air over land and water bodies
causes winds.
Life on the depends on resources like soil,
water, and air, and energy from the sun.
Evaporation of water from water bodies and
subsequent condensation give us rain.
Pollution of air, water, and soil affect the
quality of life and harm the biodiversity.
Rainfall patterns depend on the prevailing wind
patterns in an area.
Various nutrients are used again and again in a
cyclic fashion. This leads to a certain balance
between the various components of the biosphere.
We need to conserve our natural resources and use
them in a sustainable manner.
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NATURAL REASOURES

• Life on earth depend on resources like soil,
  water and air and energy from the sun.
• Uneven heating of air over land and water bodies
  causes winds.
• Evaporation of water from water bodies and
  subsequent condensation give us rain.
• Rain fall pattern depend on the prevailing wind
  pattern in an area.
• Various nutrients are used again and again in a
  cyclic fashion. This leads to a certain balance
  between the various components of the biosphere.
• Pollution of air, water and soil affect the
  quality of life and harm the biodiversity.
• We need to conserve our natural resources and use
  them in a sustainable manner.

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IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

• THERE ARE THIRTEEN NUTRIENTS ESSENTIAL FOR CROPS
  OF THESE SIX ARE REQUIRED IN LARGE QUANTITES AND
  ARE KNOWN AS MACRO NUTRIENTS WHEREIS SEVEN
  NUTRIENTS ARE REQUIRED IN SMALL QUANTITIES AND
  ARE KNOWN AS MICRO NUTRIENTS
• MANURE AND FERTILIZERS ARE THE MAIN SOURCES OF
  NUTRIENT SUPPLY TO CROPS .
• MIXED FARMING IS A SYSTEM OF FARMING ON A
  PARTICULAR FARM WHICH INCLUDES CROP PRODUCTION ,
  RAISING OF LIVES STOCK ETC
• MIXED CROPPING IS GROWING OF TWO OR MORE CROPS
  SIMULTANEOUSLY ON THE SAME PIECE OF LAND
• THE GROWING OF DIFFERENT CROPS ON A PIECE OF
  LAND IN PRE-PLANNED SUCCESSION IS CALLED CROP
  ROTATION .
• GROWING TWO OR MORE CROPS IN DEFINITE ROW
  PATTERN IS KNOWN AS INTER CROPPING.

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Environment
The condition including all the substances,
forces and organisms under which an organisms
lives is called its Environment.
Abiotic components
All living organisms including plants, animals
and micro organisms form Biotic component.
Biotic components
All living organisms including plants, animals
and micro organisms form Biotic component.
Physical components
It consists of geographical conditions such as
the temperature , rain fall , soil , seasons and
the climate.
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PRESENTATION BY - Dhruvjyoti Phukan
CLASS - IX B
Roll - 07
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THE-END.
THANK YOU.