Property of Lear Siegler

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Property of Lear Siegler
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PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the completion of
this lesson, the student will ACTION
Demonstrate an understanding of the atmospheres
physical properties and their impact on the
operation of the TH-67 pressure
instruments. CONDITION In a classroom
environment given information on the pressure
instruments and the atmosphere. STANDARD
Answer questions pertaining to the atmospheres
physical properties and their impact on the
operation of the TH-67 pressure instruments.
Receive a GO by correctly answering the
required number of questions on criterion
referenced examination 011-0050.
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A Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the characteristics of the standard
atmosphere Condition Given information
about the standard atmosphere Standard IAW FM
3-04.240 and FAA-H-8083-25A, Pilots Handbook of
Aeronautical Knowledge.
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The Standard Atmosphere A hypothetical
vertical distribution of atmospheric
temperature, pressure, and density which by
international or national agreement is taken to
be representative of the atmosphere for the
purpose of altimeter calibrations, aircraft
design, performance calculations, etc.
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53,000
90
18,000
50
Sea Level
Sea Level
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Standard Pressure Lapse Rate
7500 22.42Hg
5000 24.92Hg
4000 25.92Hg
1 Hg per 1000
3000 26.92Hg
2000 27.92Hg

1000 28.92Hg
MSL 29.92Hg
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Standard Temp Lapse Rate
7500 0C
5000 5C
4000 7C
3000 9C
2000 11C
1000 13C
MSL 15C
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AIR DENSITY
29.92Hg 15C
29.92Hg 15C
29.92Hg 15C
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7500 22.42Hg 0C
5000 24.92Hg 5C
4000 25.92Hg 7C
3000 26.92Hg 9C
2000 27.92Hg 11C
1000 28.92Hg 13C
MSL 29.92Hg 15C
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
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AIR DENSITY
Press
H
L
Temp
L
H
Hum
L
H
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Questions?

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B Enabling Learning Objective
Action Identify the pressures used in the pitot
static system Condition Given
information about the pitot static
system pressures Standard IAW FM 3-04.240

MMMMMMMMOVING
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Dynamic Pressure Additional pressure caused by
aircraft in motion
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Impact pressure
Note Impact Ram Total Pitot Pressure
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Impact pressure
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Construction of the Pitot System
HEATER
LEFT
RIGHT
STATIC VENTS
PITOT TUBE
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Construction of the Pitot System
Notice that the Pitot Tube goes only to airspeed
indicator!
The Static Pressure is vented to all three
instruments.
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Construction of the Pitot System
The diaphragm in the Airspeed Indicator is
connected to the Pitot Tube. It only senses
Pitot Pressure. The case is vented to Static
Pressure.
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Construction of the Pitot System
The diaphragm in the Vertical Speed Indicator is
vented to Static Pressure. The case is vented to
Static Pressure through a calibrated leak.
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Construction of the Pitot System
The aneroids in the Altimeter are sealed. The
case is vented to Static Pressure.
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Any Questions?

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C Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the operational characteristics of
the airspeed indicator Condition Given
information about the airspeed
indicator Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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AIRSPEED INDICATOR
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LEFT
RIGHT
STATIC VENTS
PITOT TUBE
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STATIC VENT
PITOT TUBE
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IMPACT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
STATIC
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Impact pressure Static Density x Velocity ?
IMPACT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
STATIC
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D Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the uses of the airspeed
indicator Condition Given information on the
uses of the airspeed
indicator Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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Uses for the airspeed indicator
1 Keep aircraft within Never Exceed Speed"
2 Determine best operational speed for best
climb, best endurance, and best range
3 Determine rate of movement for navigation
4 Aircraft attitude
Airspeed fast-Pitch attitude low
Airspeed low-Pitch attitude high
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Questions?

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E Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the errors associated with the
airspeed indicator Condition Given
information about airspeed
indicator errors Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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ERRORS
Instrument Error Minor, caused by friction
Installation Error Caused by misalignment of
the pitot tube and/or the static vents with the
relative wind
Density Error Caused by changes in air density
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Questions?
MMMMMMMMOVING
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F Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the types of airspeed Condition Given
information about types of
airspeed Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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Types of Airspeed
IAS Indicated Airspeed read from the airspeed
indicator
CAS Calibrated Airspeed Indicated Airspeed
corrected for installation error
TAS True Airspeed - Calibrated Airspeed
corrected for density error
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Estimating True Airspeed True Air Speed (TAS)
increases over Indicated Air Speed (IAS) at the
rate of two percent per thousand feet Aircraft
climbing at a constant IAS will be increasing
its velocity or TAS because of decreasing air
density. FM 3-04.203 REMEMBER True airspeed
will always be more than IAS with altitude!

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TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS) IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS
DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, CALIBRATED AIRSPEED
(CAS) IS LESS THAN TAS.
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CAS IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE,
THEREFORE, TAS IS MORE THAN CAS AT ANY ALTITUDE
ABOVE ZERO FEET DENSITY ALTITUDE.
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Airspeed Indicator in Review
Can you identify the pressures used, the errors
and the types of airspeed?
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Questions?

MMMMMMMMOVING
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G Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the operational characteristics
of the vertical speed indicator Condition
Given information about the operation
of the vertical speed indicator Standard
IAW FM 3-04.240
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Vertical Speed Indicator
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LEFT
RIGHT
STATIC VENTS
PITOT TUBE
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STATIC VENTS
PITOT TUBE
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Calibrated Leak
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Calibrated Leak
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Calibrated Leak
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Calibrated Leak
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Vertical Speed Indicator
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Questions?

MMMMMMMMOVING
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H Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the uses of the vertical speed
indicator Condition Given information about
the uses of the vertical speed
indicator Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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Uses of the vertical speed indicator
1 Determine rate of climb or descent
2 Trend instrument-shows attitude changes
immediately when in level flight
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Vertical Speed Indicator Preflight Check
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Questions?

MMMMMMMMOVING
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I Enabling Learning Objective Action
Identify the errors associated with use of
the vertical speed indicator Condition
Given information about vertical
speed indicator errors Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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Errors of the vertical speed indicator
1 Six to nine second lag when leveling off
from a climb or descent caused by the
calibrated leak
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Calibrated Leak
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Calibrated Leak
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Errors of the vertical speed indicator
1 Six to nine second lag when leveling off
from a climb or descent caused by the
calibrated leak
2 Erratic in rough air
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Vertical Speed Indicator in Review
Can you identify the pressures used, the errors
and preflight procedures?
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Questions?

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Vertical Speed Indicator - Identify the
pressures used and the errors.
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J Enabling Learning Objective Action Identify
the operational characteristics of
the altimeter Condition Given information about
the operational characteristics of the
altimeter Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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ALTIMETER
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ELO 5. ALTIMETER Identify the pressures used,
purpose of the Kollsman window and the amount of
error present with an incorrect Kollsman setting,
and the use of the altimeter
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LEFT
RIGHT
STATIC VENTS
PITOT TUBE
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STATIC VENTS
PITOT TUBE
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Dial three pointers How to Read
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10,000 Indicator Tick marks in increments of
2000
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1,000 Indicator Tick marks in increments of 200
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100 Indicator Tick marks in increments of 20
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1,040
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8,000
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18,980
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Questions?

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Kollsman window corrects for atmospheric
pressure changes
28.00Hg to 31.00Hg
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Set field elevation
ATIS Altimeter setting three zero two four
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1Hg change 1000change in altitude .10Hg
change 100 change in altitude .01Hg change
10 change in altitude
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AIMS Counter Drum Pointer
ATC Radar Beacon System
Identification Friend or Foe
MARK 12
SYSTEM
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Questions?

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K Enabling Learning Objective Action Identify
the uses of the altimeter Condition Given
information about the uses of
the altimeter Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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Uses of the altimeter
Terrain clearance MEF OROCA
Vertical separation Hemispherical Rule
Attitude control Instrument Flying
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Questions?

MMMMMMMMOVING
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L Enabling Learning Objective Action Identify
the types of altitude Condition Given
information about the types of
altitude Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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Identify the types of altitude
a. Indicated b. True c. Absolute d. Pressure
(PA) e. Density (DA)
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Indicated Altitude
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True Altitude Altitude above Mean Sea level
1000
MSL
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Absolute Altitude Altitude above the surface
(AGL)
MSL
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Pressure Altitude (PA) Altitude above the
standard datum plane
1000
MSL
29.92
Standard datum plane
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Standard Day

True Altitude
Pressure Altitude
1000
1000
MSL
29.92
Standard datum plane
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H
True Altitude
1000
MSL
30.26
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7500 22.42Hg 0C
5000 24.92Hg 5C
4000 25.92Hg 7C
3000 26.92Hg 9C
2000 27.92Hg 11C
1000 28.92Hg 13C
MSL 29.92Hg 15C
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
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Density Altitude (DA) Is the
density corresponding to a given altitude in a
standard atmosphere.
Max torque available, max gross weight,and
performance are all affected by Density Altitude

MMMMMMMMOVING
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Density Altitude (DA) Pressure Altitude
corrected for non standard temperature
DA PA (120 Tv )
PA Pressure Altitude
Tv Temperature Variation
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7500 22.42Hg 0C
5000 24.92Hg 5C
4000 25.92Hg 7C
3000 26.92Hg 9C
2000 27.92Hg 11C
1000 28.92Hg 13C
MSL 29.92Hg 15C
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
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Standard Day
Nonstandard Day
Density Altitude
MSL
29.92Hg 32C
29.92Hg 15C
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Standard Day
Nonstandard Day
Density Altitude
MSL
29.92Hg 32C
29.92Hg 15C
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Tv of 1 120
2040
Tv of 17
DA 4040
Standard Day
28C
11oC
MSL
29.92Hg 32C
29.92Hg 15C
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DA 4040
Density Altitude
Standard Day
28C
11C
MSL
29.92Hg 32C
29.92Hg 15C
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DA 2500
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DA PA (120 Tv )
PA Pressure Altitude
Tv Temperature Variation
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DA PA (120 Tv )
DA 1000 (120 X 1 )
DA 1000 120
DA 1120
2. Determine OAT
4. Determine Temp Variation (Tv )
3. Determine Standard Temp for the PA
1. Determine PA
Tv OAT - Stand Temp
Tv OAT Stand Temp Tv 14 - 13 Tv 1o
PA 1000
OAT 14C
Stand Temp 13C
Tv 1
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DA PA (120 Tv )
DA 3000 (120 X - 9 )
1. Determine Standard Temp for 3000
DA 3000 (-1080 )
2. Determine Temp Variation (Tv )
DA 1920
Tv OAT - Stand Temp
Tv 0 - 9
PA 3000
OAT 0C
Stand Temp 9C
Tv -9
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OAT 5C
PA 6000
OAT is Higher than standard DA is Higher than PA
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PA 4000
OAT 5C
OAT is Lower than standard DA is Lower than PA
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120
DA PA
PA 5000
OAT 5C
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DA PA (120 TV)
HIGHER THAN STAN TEMP
DA HIGHER THAN PA
PA AND STAN TEMP
DA LOWER THAN PA
LOWER THAN STAN TEMP
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Questions?

MMMMMMMMOVING
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M Enabling Learning Objective Action Identify
the errors associated with the use
of the altimeter Condition Given information
about altimeter
errors Standard IAW FM 3-04.240
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Altimeter errors
a. Instrument / Mechanical Error b. Pressure
Error c. Temperature Error
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Instrument Error
Caused by friction inside instrument
True Altitude
Field Elevation
1000
1000
MSL
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Instrument Error

• 30.26
• 30.24

Maximum Error / - 70 ft
.02
20 foot error
True Altitude
Field Elevation
1000
1000
MSL
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Pressure Error caused when flying into areas
that have different altimeter settings than
those set in the Kollsman window.
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Pressure Error
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Pressure Error
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T
H
L
I
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Temperature Error
28.92
1000
1000
Warmer
Standard temp
MSL
MSL
29.92
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Temperature Error
28.92
28.92
1000
1000
28.92
Warmer
Standard temp
Colder
MSL
MSL
29.92
29.92
29.92
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Pressure Error
28.92
28.92
Warmer
28.92
Standard temp
Colder
29.92
29.92
29.92
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ALT reads 500 True ALT is HIGH
True Altitude 500 MSL
Standard
29.50
ALT Reads 500 True ALT 500
29.60
ALT reads 500 True Alt is LOW
29.70
29.80
29.90
MSL
30.00 - .50 500 29.50
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OAT 20C
Indicated Altitude 6000
True Alt. is Higher than Indicated
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Indicated Altitude 4000
OAT 5C
True Altitude is lower than Indicated
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Indicated Altitude True altitude
Indicated Altitude 5000
OAT 5C
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HIGH TO LOW, LOOK OUT BELOW, LOW TO HIGH, CLEAR
THE SKY!
HIGHER THAN STAN
TALT HIGHER THAN IALT
HIGH
TO
LOW
IALT, STAN TEMP AND STAN PRESSURE
HIGH
TO
LOW
TALT LOWER THAN IALT
LOWER THAN STAN
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Questions?

MMMMMMMMOVING
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N Enabling Learning Objective Action Identify
pitot static system malfunctions Condition
Given information about pitot static
system malfunctions Standard IAW FM
3-04.240
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Pitot Static System Malfunctions
STATIC VENT
PITOT TUBE
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Pitot Static System Malfunctions
STATIC VENT
PITOT TUBE
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IMPACT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
STATIC
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Pitot Static System Malfunctions
STATIC VENT
PITOT TUBE
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Pitot Static System Malfunctions
STATIC VENT
PITOT TUBE
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Altimeter No change in indication
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VSI Level off at zero
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Airspeed Indicator opposite of clogged pitot
tube
IMPACT PRESSURE
PRESSURE
STATIC
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Pitot Static System Malfunctions
STATIC VENT
PITOT TUBE
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Questions?

MMMMMMMMOVING
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Practical Exercise
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The end
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STOP
Abandon hope all ye who enter here
You are entering the hidden slide Zone
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Review
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UHF vs. VHF Frequency Warm-up Time Range
C H 0 2
TX
M N
GD
0
2
4
.
2
8
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Warm-up time Mode C Switch Code 1200 Lost
Communications Code
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HEATER
LEFT
RIGHT
STATIC VENTS
PITOT TUBE
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Find
Given
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Find
Given
Pressure Altitude OAT
Density Altitude (higher or lower than Pressure
Altitude)
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OAT 5C
PA 6000
Is the DA higher or lower than PA
DA is Higher than PA
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PA 4000
OAT 5C
Is the DA higher or lower than PA
DA is lower than PA
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CAS IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE,
THEREFORE, TAS IS MORE THAN CAS AT ANY ALTITUDE
ABOVE ZERO FEET DENSITY ALTITUDE.
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Temperature Error
28.92
1000
1000
Warmer
Standard temp
MSL
MSL
29.92
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OAT 20C
Indicated Altitude 6000
True Alt. is Higher than Indicated
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Indicated Altitude 4000
OAT 5C
True Altitude is lower than Indicated
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Find
Given
True Altitude (higher or lower than Indicated)
Pressure Error higher or lower than Kollsman
window setting
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DA 2500
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