Acess to justice and REMEDIES

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Acess to justice andREMEDIES

• Jan Darpö
• Faculty of Law
• Uppsala Universitet

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Three pillars

• Art. 9.4 adequate and effective remedies,
  including injunctive relief
• Public participation cannot be effective
  without access to information, as provided under
  the first pillar, nor without the possibility of
  enforcement, through access to justice under the
  third pillar. (Implementation Guide p. 85)

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Systematic approach and studies in detail

• Criminal law is part of public law.
• Civil law is divided into public law and private
  law
• McKenna-report 1996 Study of civil liability
  systems for remedying environmental damage,
• p. 4 (Denmark)

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Environmental cases
Future gene- rations
NGOs
Public
Supervisoryauthority
Public concerned
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Inside the administrative system

Adm appeal- body/tribunal
Adm court
Authority/ permit-body
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Inside the administrative system

• Appeal from the public/parties/other
• Suspension/inhibition
• Legality or expediency (on the merits)
• Interests
• Result of appeal
• Finland
• Germany
• UK (England and Wales)

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Inside the administrative system

• ON-GOING OR TERMINATED ACTIVITY
• Obligation for authority to act
• Passivity (0-decisions)
• Margin of appreciation
• Precautionary measures/adm measures
• Sweden

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The civil/criminal system
Civil/crim court

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Direct citizens action

• Court-order ? operator
• Court-order ? sup. authority
• Injunctions
• Economic compensation
• Criminal sanctions
• UK (England and Wales)

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Key-issues

• Major and minor activities
• Media, disturbances, green/blue/brown
• Integrated or single approach
• Planning and preliminary decisions
• Local regional national
• Inquisitorial principle civil procedure
• Permits
• Administration and courts

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Remedies

• Suspension/interim injunction
• Permit/conditions
• EIA/Investigation
• Precautionary measures
• Stop activity
• Reparation

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Remedies

• Administrative enforcement
• Execution
• Criminal sanctions
• Damages

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Situations

• The IPPC-activity
• The planned high-way
• individually or in combination
• The junk-yard
• The saw-mill
• Burning cable