Day 4: Sanitation in Emergencies

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Day 4 Sanitation in Emergencies
Austrian RC in Batagram (Pakistan) EQ Operation

• RDRT WatSan Training

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Objective

1. Become a sanitation engineer??
2. Understand what is sanitation
3. Understand how to select the right option for
   excreta disposal
4. Be familiar with different technical options for
   excreta disposal in emergencies
5. Be familiar with the Emergency Response Equipment
   for sanitation
6. Construct an emergency latrine!

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Sanitation in Emergency

1. Excreta disposal
2. Solid waste management
3. Waste water management (drainage)

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What is dangerous about faeces?

• Primary sanitary barriers
• Toilets
• Hand-washing (critical times)
• Water treatment and water handling
• Food hygiene

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Pathogen Die Off Time in faeces
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How do we do excreta disposal in a emergency?
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Sphere Standards and Indicators
SPHERE standard 1 access to and numbers of
toilets
People have sufficient numbers of toilets,
sufficiently close to their dwellings to allow
them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all
times of the day and night.
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Sphere Standards and Indicators
SPHERE standard 2 design and construction
People have access to toilets which are
designed, constructed and maintained in such a
way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to
use.
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Selection Criteria

• Number of people using latrine and location of
  people
• Communal or family
• Elderly/disabled population
• Design life - will population move?
• Space
• Comfort and community desires
• Tradition of latrine use in community
• Privacy
• Use of water/reuse of faeces availability of
  water?
• Anal cleansing material (amount of water used)
• Menstruation
• Availability of local materials and tools

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Selection Criteria (cont.)

• Pit size
• V (NxSxD) 0.5 m of free space x A
• N number of users S Sludge accumulation
  (m3/person/year) D design life (years)
• A pit-base area (m2)
• Groundwater
• Not all designs suitable for high groundwater
• Usually 99 of pathogens destroyed within 2m of
  unlined pit in unconsolidated soils if above
  water table
• If in saturated zone then contamination spread is
  HORIZONTAL (usually) up to 15m
• Soil conditions
• Soil stability
• Influence if a pit or soak pit is possible to
  excavate
• Watch for effects throughout the seasons
• Infiltration rate

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Selection Criteria (cont.)

• Siting
• Communal latrines good distance (30m) away from
  dwellings and down wind if possible
• Family latrines near to dwelling (5m)
• Away from water sources (see groundwater)
• Avoid depressions, water courses that might run
  with water
• DISCUSS with community
• Space for additional latrines
• Safety and accessibility (Lighting, Location,
  Distance, Screening, Design - separate
  M/W/Children - )
• Operation and maintenance
• Construction of hand washing facilities
• Time constraints
• Financial constraints
• Human Resources

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Technical options
4-6 weeks
1-6 months
disaster

• Medium term action
• 2nd phase stabilized emergency
• Simple pit latrine
• VIP latrine
• Pour-flush latrines
• EcoSan (Ecological Sanitation)
• Borehole latrine
• Septic tanks
• Family facilities
• Community participation

• Immediate action
• 1st phase Acute emergency
• Open defecation fields
• Shallow trench latrines
• Deep trench latrine
• Shallow family latrines
• Bucket latrine
• Packet latrine
• Chemical toilets
• Control free defecation
• Communal facilities
• Community consultation

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Latrine components basics

• Privacy and dignity
• Roof is essential in areas with high rainfall
• Door / spiral-shaped entrance
• lt 1 m2 is recommended
• Frame timber, PVC pipe,
• Fitted with plastic sheeting, local materials
• Users involvement in design

Superstructure

• Support weight of a person
• Easy to clean
• Prefabricated or manufactured locally
• Concrete, wood, ferrocement or plastic

Slab

• 1 m across and 3 m deep (minimum 0.9 m diameter)
• Best shape circular
• The top 0.5 m of a pit should be always lined
  (but depend of soil)
• Different pit lining material locally available

Pit
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Communal or Family?
Family facilities Usually designed and built
by the users (with or without designs, tools and
materials provided by others). They may be used
by several families. The latrine belongs to the
family / ies.
Communal facilities Managed by the community
as a shared resource (market, school, etc.). The
facility belong to the community.
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Sanitation Ladder
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Open Defecation fields
WHEREVER POSSIBLE AVOID DEFECATION FIELDS AND
INSTALL TRENCH LATRINES AS FIRST OPTION
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Shallow trench latrine
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Deep trench latrine
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Pit latrine and VIP
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Pour-Flush latrine
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Exercise latrine design

• In your group think about the positive and
  negative aspects of this design (10 min)

Source OXFAM. Photographer Saira Raza
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Which one would you use?
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Operation and Maintenance

• Cleaning Supervision Equipment Training
• Communal latrines Need for employing some
  members to clean and maintain
• Ownership Involving population in design,
  siting, construction, maintenance, etc. Family
  latrines
• Cleaning materials cleaning kit (disinfectants,
  mops, rags, buckets, gloves, etc)

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Handwashing Facilities

• Providing handwashing facilities is easier said
  than done, especially in a large area.
• Work with your team to chose the right technology
  (jug, tippy tap, etc) and establish a system of
  keeping water available

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Common Mistakes of WatSan Staff

• I think the people want
• In the last place I worked in we did this, so I
  am sure it will work here.
• I am sure the people will clean the latrines
  themselves.

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Emergency Response Equipment for Sanitation

• Standard-size squatting plate (1200 mm x 800
  mm)

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Resource Materials
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