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• Dr. Jia-Yeuan Lee
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• 92
  93
• 1. Vocabulary
• 2. Grammar
• 3. Reading

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14 12
14 10
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• 1100 Words you should knowLongman
• 504 Words
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• 1. It can be inferred from the passage
  that

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• 2. Which is NOT the feature mentioned by the
  author about the
• 3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned ?
• 4. The main idea of this passage is .

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• ????
• 1. ??????
• 2. ?????
• 3. ? C
• 4. ?????, ????? ,?????

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Five Basic Forms of Sentences

• 1.      S V2.      S V C3.      S
  V O4.      S V O OC5.      S V
  Oi Od

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Five Kinds of Sentences ( Classified by Use)

• 1.      Declarative sentences2.     
  Interrogative sentences3.      Imperative
  sentences4.      Exclamatory sentences5.     
  Optative sentences 

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Four Kinds of Sentences (Classified by Structure)

• 1.      Simple sentences2.      Compound
  sentences3.      Complex sentences4.     
  Compound and Complex
• sentences.

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  The Elements of Sentences 

• 1.     Subject2.     Predicate
• 3.    Object4.  Complement5.   
  Modifier6.     Connective7.    Independent
  elements

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  Parts of Speech

• Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb,
• Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection,
• Pronoun.

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  Phrases

• 1.  Noun Phrase how to swim, to study a
  language, speaking slowly,
• 2. Pronoun Phrase each other, one another
• 3. Verb Phrase take place, look forward to have
  been working

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4. Adjective Phrase A bird in the hand, The pen
on the table5. Adverbial Phrase The meeting
began at 5.6. Prepositional Phrase ( Used as
adjective or adverb)
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• 1. ?????
• The pen on the table is mine.
• I put the book on the table.
• 2. ?????because of, owing to,
• due to, as for, in spite of, in
  front of,
• by means of, with a view to,
• for the purpose of

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• 7. Conjunction Phrase as soon as, as well as,
  as if,
• He talks as if he knew the secret.
• 8. Interjection Phrase By heaven! My God!

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Clauses

• 1.      Noun clause
• A. That S V B. Wh S V
• C. Whether, if SV
• That he is a good man is a fact.
• I am not what I was ten years ago.
• I dont know whether he will come or not.
• Just because you know him does not mean you can
  abuse your power.

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• 2.  Adjective clause
• Those who live in a glass house should not
  throw stones.
• Mr. Jones, whose father was a decent man,
  helped a lot of poor people.
• 3.  Adverbial clause
• You may go where you like.
• When I was ten, I knew how to cook.

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Forms

• 1.  Noun Noun, Noun phrase, Noun clause,
  Infinitive, Gerund, The Adjective
• 2.  Adjective Adjective, Adjective Phrase,
  Adjective Clause, Infinitive, Present Participle,
  Past Participle
• 3.  Adverb Adverb, Adverb Phrase, Adverb Clause,
  
•  

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  What can be used as S, O, C.

•  S N, Pronoun, The adjective, To V,
• Gerund (Ving), N Phrase,
• N Clause
• O N, Pronoun, The adjective, To V,
• Gerund (Ving), N Phrase,
• N Clause

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• C (A) SC N, Pronoun, Adjective,
• Adverb, To V,
  Gerund
• (Ving), Present
  Participle,
• Adjective phrase,
  N Phrase,
• N Clause
• (B) OC N, Adjective, To V,
• Present Participle,
• Past Participle
  ,Adj. phrase

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S V

• Birds fly.
• John usually sleeps only 5 hours a day.
• It is raining heavily. Mary came in.
• This machine does not work well. Birds fly in the
  sky.
• You cannot just depend on other people.

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S V C

• You look beautiful. She feels good.
• (be, seem look, appear, feel, smell, taste,
  keep, remain, prove, become, get, grow, turn,
  come, go, fall, run)
• He acted as the manager of the company.
• This word functions as the subject.

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S V O

• Everybody loves me.
• The car knocked the boy down.
• (1) (to V) attempt, begin, cease, decide,
  endeavor, expect, fear, forget, help, hope,
  intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, offer,
  plan, prefer, pretend, promise, propose, refuse,
  start, try, undertake, want, wish,

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• (2) be, seem, appear, prove, turn out, happen,
  chance, care, long, agree, hesitate, fail, come,
  go, run, stop, etc.
• I dont know where to go.

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• Ving(Gerund) (1) admit, avoid, consider, enjoy,
  escape, excuse, finish, give up, cannot help,
  mind, miss, practice, regret, cannot stand, stop,
  suggest, etc. (2) (both gerund and infinitive)
  cannot bear, begin, endure, forget, hate, intend,
  like, love, mean, need, prefer, remember, start,
  try, want, etc. (3) Ving (participle) come,
  remain, stand, etc. We stopped smoking.
• They came running.

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• That clause acknowledge, admit, believe,
  command, confess, declare, demand, demonstrate,
  deny, doubt, expect, explain, fear, feel, hear,
  hope, imagine, know, mean, notice, perceive,
  prefer, propose, report, request, say, see, show,
  suggest, suppose, think, understand, urge, wish,
  etc.
• He suggested that we should leave right now.
• We complained that the place was too noisy.
• It seems that Jane is very smart.

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• Wh clause ask, discover, discuss, doubt, find
  out, imagine, know, reveal, say, show, suggest,
  tell, understand, wonder, care, marvel, mind,
  etc. Do you know who he is? I wonder whether he
  will come or not.

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• prep O (pron. or n) buy, cash, choose, cook,
  get, leave, make, order, play, reach, save,
  spare, etc.
• I explained the problems to my boss.
• The police accused him of theft.
• Thank you for your kind letter.
• She gave the book to that boy.

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S V Oi Od

• A. O O accord, afford, allow, ask, bring,
  buy, cash, cause, choose, cook, deny, do, fetch,
  get, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, make, offer,
  order, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, reach,
  read, refuse, render, save, sell, send, show,
  sing, spare, teach, tell, wish, write, etc.
• She gave them the drinks.
• He offered me a ride. Will you do me a favor?

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• B. O that clause (1) tell, show, teach,
  promise (2) assure, convince, inform, persuade,
  remind, warn.
• I told him that he was wrong.
• She promised me that she would finish the project
  by 10.
• They informed us that they would be late.

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• C. O wh clause ask, show, teach, tell, inform
  I asked him when the tower had been destroyed.
• Could you tell me how long you are going to stay?
• D. O wh to V My father told me how to
  assemble the bike.

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S V O OC

• A. O C keep, leave, find, make, render, elect,
  appoint, call, name, think, consider, believe,
  suppose, feel, know, judge, report, declare,
  paint, dye, boil, cut, push, throw, etc.
• She keeps her house clean. Everybody considers
  him a good man.
• He pushed the door open.

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• B. O as C accept, acknowledge, characterize,
  choose, describe, know, interpret, rank,
  recognize, regard, represent, take, treat, view,
  etc.
• We regard him as the leader. She described her
  son as really clever.

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• C. O p.p. feel, find, hear, make, see, want,
  wish, etc. She heard her name called.
• O Ving (1) see, hear, feel, find, behold,
  watch, observe, perceive, notice, catch, keep,
  leave, have, set, send. (2) understand, remember,
  recollect, imagine, fancy, hear of, like, hate,
  mind, object to, etc.
• Someone saw the man running away.
• I dont like the boys playing about here.
• I cannot understand my daughter saying so.

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• O to V (1) advice, allow, ask, beg, cause,
  command, compel, encourage, entreat, expect,
  force, get, help, impel, implore, instruct,
  invite, lead, leave, like, mean, oblige, order,
  permit, persuade, promise, require, teach, tell,
  tempt, urge, want, wish, etc. (2) believe,
  consider, declare, feel, find, guess, judge,
  know, prove, report, see, suppose, think.
• We cannot allow the man to drink wine here.
• He declared himself to be a Republican.

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• O V root (1) make, let, bid, have, help (2)
  see, hear, feel, find, know, behold, watch,
  observe, perceive, notice, etc.
• Let me come in.
• I saw the boy steal the box.

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The Expansion of a Sentence

• A poor girl was crying.
• A poor girl was crying because she had nothing to
  eat for three days.
• A poor girl who was in tatters was crying because
  she had nothing to eat for three days.

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• 1100 Words you should knowLongman
• 504 Words
• TOEFL Structure and Reading

39
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• (B) 17. European settlers wasted no time in
• 
  (A)
• importing many of their technology to North
  America and
• (B)
• applying it to the forests around them.
• (C) (D)
• 
  

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• (C) 18. In seventeenth century Amsterdam,
• the house facades were not only harmonious
• (A)
• but also distinct, unlikely the uniformity of
  Parisian
• (B) (C) (D)
• and English squares.

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• (D) 19.When volcanoes are born in the
• sea, the eruptions may be more violent than
• (A)
• those on land because the contact between
• (B)
  (C)
• molten rock and seawater produce steam.
• (D)

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• (D) 20.Because carbon monoxide has
• (A)
• no odor or color, people breathing it usually
• (B)
• fall asleep without realizing they are be
• (C)
• poisoned.
• (D)

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• (C) 21. The training manager must estimate
• 
  (A)
• the expense for the program, including costs for
  his
• (B)
  (C)
• development, delivery, and evaluation.
• (D)

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(B) 22. Evaporation is the process
(A) that a liquid turns into a vapor at a
(B) (C) temperature below
its boiling point. (D)
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(C) 23. In paintings of cut flowers,
(A) the artist has
in most cases devoted
(B) just as much care to
the vase than
(C) to the blooms, and sometimes
the vase is the most effective part of
(D) the picture.

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• (B) 24.Many machines use the inertia
• (A)
• force generating by a sudden
• (B)
• movement to activate catches and
• (C) (D)
• ratchets.

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• (A) 25. Despite the bear's vision is poor, its
• (A)
  (B)
• sense of smell is keen, enabling the
• (C)
• remarkable bruin to smell food as
• (D)
• far away as a mile.

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• (B) 26. If a stone thrown into a pond,
• (A) (B)
• the ripples will spread out from the
• (C)
• point where the stone hits the water.
• (D)

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• 27, When taking in small
• (A)
• amounts, caffeine increases the
• circulation and is considered
• (B)
• harmless for most people.
• (C) (D)

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• An increasing percentage of newcomers to the U.
  S. workforce comes from populations that have
  been underserved in the past because of racial,
  ethnic, gender, or cultural differences. Social
  trends indicate that today's minority groups are
  more likely than those of previous generations to
  celebrate their own uniqueness and to demand
  respect and equal treatment from mainstream
  institutions.

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• Organizations must manage and train this
  increasingly diverse workforce. Good management
  depends on working effectively with other people
  by understanding and appreciating differences in
  values and perspectives. Individuals who can
  function in diverse situations tend to develop
  cross-cultural communication skills and stronger
  leadership abilities.

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• The primary goal of all training and development
  programs is to provide workers at all levels of
  an organization with the knowledge, skills, and
  abilities to perform their jobs and help the
  organization meet its business goals. Thus, for
  most organizations, the decision to provide
  diversity training is a business rather than a
  moral decision. Effective diversity training
  targets not only individuals but also the core
  values, traditions, structure, and culture of an
  organization. Diversity programs strive to
  identify and eliminate barriers that prevent
  individuals and the organization from achieving
  their goals.

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• Race, ethnicity, and gender problems in the
  workplace are increasingly viewed by management
  as a significant barrier to productivity.
  Organizations that do not respond to diversity
  experience lawsuits, high turnover, low morale
  and productivity, loss of talent to competitors,
  additional recruitment and training costs, and
  negative publicity.

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• (B) 29. With what topic is the passage mainly
  concerned?
• (A) Diversity in the U. S. workforce
  (B) Responding to diversity in the
  workplace
• (C) Demands of minority groups in the
  workplace
• (D) Techniques of good management

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• (C) 30. The word "those" in line 2 refers to
• (A) cultural differences
• (B) social trends
• (C) minority groups
• (D) mainstream institutions

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• (A) 31.What does the author mean by the statement
  in lines 8-9,for most organizations, the
  decision to provide diversity training is a
  business rather than a moral decision.?
• (A) Diversity training is profitable for
  organizations.
• (B) Effective workers are trained in an
  organization's core values.
• (C) The culture of some organizations is
  immoral.
• (D) Diversity training is a growing
  business.

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• (B) 32.The word "targets" in line 9 is closest in
  meaning to
• (A) looks for (B) aims at
• (C) objects to (D) consists of
• (D) 33.The word "barrier" in lines 1O and 12 is
  closest in meaning to
• (A) tradition (B) idea
• (C) solution (D) obstruction

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• (C) 34.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as
  a consequence of disregarding diversity?
• (A) Low productivity
• (B) Lawsuits
• (C) Violence
• (D) Additional costs

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• (D) 35.With which of the following statements
  would the author most probably agree?
• (A) Diversity training does not have to be costly
  to an organization.
• (B) Members of minority groups should be trained
  in good management.
• (C) Communication skills should be the main goal
  of diversity programs.
• (D) Managing diversity benefits both individuals
  and organizations.

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