Ch. 11 Segregation

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Ch. 11 Segregation Discrimination (1870s
1960s)

• Booker T. Washington
• Black educator. Believed African-Americans
  should learn useful labor skills prove economic
  value to society.
• Founded Tuskegee University in Alabama.
• Favored gradual approach to equality. Financial
  security first, civil rights later.

2

• W.E.B. Dubois
• First African-American to receive a degree from
  Harvard University.
• Strongly disagreed w/ Booker T.
• Wanted blacks to seek education lead their
  communities in demanding immediate equal rights.
• Founded Niagra Movement later became the NAACP.
  Used courts legislature to fight for
  African-American rights.

3

• Segregation Discrimination
• Segregation separating people on the basis of
  race.
• During Reconstruction, African Americans
  exercised newly won rights.
• 14th amendment all citizens have equal
  protection under the law 15th amendment right
  to vote for all males regardless of race.
• After the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Southern
  states began to pass laws to racially
  discriminate and weaken black political power.

4

• Voting Restrictions
• All Southern states imposed laws to
  disenfranchise (deny the right to vote) African
  Americans.
• Literacy Tests
• Only people who could read were allowed to vote.
  Blacks were often asked more difficult questions
  then whites. Officials could pass or fail
  applicants as they wished.
• Poll Tax
• Annual tax that had to be paid before voting.
  Many blacks (and some whites) were too poor to
  pay tax.

5

• Grandfather Clause
• A man could vote if he, his father, or
  grandfather had been eligible to vote before
  1867. Date was important because freed slaves
  did not have the right to vote at the time.
  Meant all black males could not vote.
• Jim Crow Laws
• Laws passed by southern states to institute
  segregation (separate by race). Blacks and whites
  required to use separate public facilities
  (schools, restrooms, parks, hospitals, ect.)

6

• Plessy v. Ferguson
• Supreme court case that tested the legality of
  segregation.
• In 1896, court ruled that separation of races did
  not violate 14th amendment. Established doctrine
  of separate but equal allowed states to have
  separate facilities of blacks and whites as long
  as they provided equal service.
• Facilities were rarely equal. Decision allowed
  legal segregation for next 60 years.

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Ch.13 The Progressive Era (1900 - 1920)

• Progressive Movement
• Reaction to problems created during the Gilded
  Age.
• Goals of Progressives
• 1) Return control of the government to the people
• 2) Restore economic opportunities
• 3) Correct injustices in American life.
• Progressives reformers often lived in cities
  had a college education.

8

• The Muckrakers
• Journalists who sought to expose political
  corruption, poor working conditions, or other
  problems in American society.
• Ida Tarbell
• Muckraker who exposed John Rockefellers ruthless
  tactics to build his oil monopoly in The History
  of the Standard Oil Company.

9

• Lincoln Steffens
• Muckraker who wrote The Shame of the Cities.
  Exposed corrupt city politicians and unfair
  businesses practices.
• Upton Sinclair
• Muckraker who wrote the bestseller, The Jungle.
  Exposed horrible unsanitary conditions of
  meatpacking industry.

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Reform in Government

• Reform in Government
• Progressives wanted to give common people a
  greater voice and rid government of corruption.
• Initiative
• Allowed citizens to initiate, or propose, a bill
  by collecting the required number of signatures
  from voters.

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Reform in Government

• Referendum
• Progressives wanted voters to have a direct say
  in the lawmaking process. In a referendum,
  people could vote to approve or reject a proposed
  law.
• Recall
• Allowed voters to remove elected officials from
  office before their terms were complete. Voters
  sign a petition for a recall, then a special
  election takes place to vote a politician out of
  office.

12
Reform in Government

• Direct Election of Senators
• Until 1913, state legislatures elected senators
  to represent the states in U.S. Congress.
  Progressives complained that special interests
  could buy votes by bribing legislators.
• 17th amendment (1913) - required the direct
  election of U.S. Senators in all states.

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Progressive Reform for States

• La Follettes Wisconsin Idea
• Progressive Robert La Follette elected governor
  of Wisconsin in 1900.
• Established direct primaries in state elections,
  an income tax, protected natural resources,
  regulated taxed big business, etc.
• Wisconsin became a national model of progressive
  reform. Other states soon followed.

14
Social Moral Reform

• Ban on Child Labor
• Progressives used photos statistics to show
  plight of working children. Nearly all states
  banned child labor by 1920 and set maximum
  working hours.

15
Social Moral Reform

• Temperance Movement (Ban on Alcohol)
• Some Progressive women felt alcohol was root of
  many social problems. Pushed states to pass ban
  on alcohol.
• 18 amendment (1919) Illegal to manufacture,
  sale, transport alcohol in U.S.

16
Social Moral Reform

• Womens Suffrage (right to vote)
• President Woodrow Wilson did not support female
  suffrage.
• Instead, states were pressured to grant women
  suffrage (pickets, parades, boycotts)
• Famous suffragettes included Susan B. Anthony
  Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
• 19th amendment - ratified in 1920 gave all women
  right to vote.

17
Health Environmental Reform

• Meat Inspection Act (1906)
• President Theodore Roosevelt read The Jungle.
  Ordered a federal investigation into meat
  industry.
• Meat Inspection Act set sanitation standards for
  meat industry.
• Pure Food Drug Act (1906)
• Roosevelt Congress to passed Pure Food Drug
  Act. Banned harmful additives in foods and false
  advertisements for drugs.
• Laws led to creation of the Food and Drug
  Administration improved food safety in America.

18
Health Environmental Reform

• Progressives Promote Conservation
• Wanted to protect Americas natural resources
  from abuses by industries during the Gilded Age.
• States President Roosevelt created millions of
  acres of national forests wilderness areas to
  preserve for future generations of Americans
  (Grand Canyon, Yosemite National Park, etc.)

19
Economic Reform

• Income Tax Amendment
• President William Taft Progressives wanted to
  even out the disparities of wealth in American
  society force rich to pay fair share.
• 16th Amendment (1913) federal graduated income
  tax (tax rate rises as income increases).

20
Economic Reform

• Trust-busting
• Roosevelt Taft went after large monopolies by
  filing nearly 150 anti-trust lawsuits under the
  Sherman Antitrust Act.
• Dismantled Standard Oil Company others.
• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
• President Woodrow Wilson Progressives
  strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act to allow
  government to regulate large companies
  dismantle monopolies.

21
Economic Reform

• Federal Trade Commission (1914)
• Wilson Progressives wanted to police actions of
  businesses to preserve fair competition.
• FTC has power to order businesses to stop harmful
  practices file lawsuits against monopolies.

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Impact of Progressive Era

• Progressive Era reforms helped to level the
  playing field between the rich and poor made
  America more fair, honest, efficient.
• Progressive energy eventually faded due to World
  War I and economic boom of 1920s.