Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

1
Chapter 28

• Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

2
Progressive Roots

• Roots in the Greenback Labor Party of the 1870s
  and 1880s and the Populist Party of the 1890s.
• Goal use the government as an agency of human
  welfare.
• Fought against monopolies, corruption,
  inefficiency, and social injustice.

3
Progressive Roots

• Against laissez-faire economics

4
The pen is sometimes mightier than the sword.

• Muckrakers - reporters exposed injustices

5
The muckrakers

• Henry Demarest Lloyd
• corruption of the Standard Oil Company
• Wealth AgainstCommonwealth
• Thorstein Veblen
• criticized the new rich
• The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).

6
The muckrakers

• Jacob A. Riis
• How the Other Half Lives
• New York slums
• Theodore Dreiser
• The Financier
• The Titan
• attack profiteers

7
The muckrakers

• 1902 - aggressive ten and fifteen-cent popular
  magazines, such as Cosmopolitan, Colliers, and
  Everybodys, began flinging the dirt about the
  trusts.

8
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers

• Lincoln Steffens
• articles in McClures- The Shame of the Cities
  
• Unmasked the corrupt alliance between big
  business and the government.
• Ida M. Tarbell
• exposé against Standard Oil and its ruthlessness.
  
• Exposed the money trusts, the railroad barons,
  and the corrupt amassing of American fortunes,

9
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers

• David G. Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 U.S.
  Senators did not represent the people, but
  actually the railroads and trusts.
• Ray Stannard Bakers Following the Color Line was
  about the illiteracy of Blacks.
• John Spargos The Bitter Cry of the Children
  exposed child labor.

10
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers

• The muckrakers sincerely believed that cures for
  the ills of American democracy, was more
  democracy.
• Progressives were mostly middle-class citizens
  who felt squeezed by both the big trusts above
  and the restless immigrant hordes working for
  cheap labor that came from below.

Jane Adams
11
Political reforms of Progressives

• Initiative - voters could directly propose
  legislation
• Referendum - people could vote on laws that
  affected them
• Recall - to remove bad officials from office.

12
Political reforms of Progressives

• Secret ballot(Australian ballot) to counteract
  the effects of party bosses
• Direct election of U.S. senators
• 17th Amendment
• Females also campaigned for womans suffrage, but
  that did not comeyet.

13
Progressivism in the Cities and States

• In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follette
  wrestled control fromthe trusts and returned
  power to the people
• Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York,
  gained fame by investigating the malpractices of
  gas and insurance companies.

14
City managers

• Progressive cities like Galveston, TX either
  used, for the firsttime, expert-staffed
  commissions to manage urban affairs or
  thecity-manager system, which was designed to
  take politics out ofmunicipal administration.

15
Progressive Women

• They couldnt vote or hold political office, but
  were active none-the-less.
• Women focused their changes on family-oriented
  ills suchas child labor.

16
Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

• Major improvements in the fight againstchild
  labor
• 1911 fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in
  NYC which killed 146 workers, mostly young women.

17
Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire
Relatives identifying victims
At the morgue
18
List of names

• List of Victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist
  Factory Fire   NAME OF FIRE VICTIM AGE COMMENTS
  Aberstein, Julia 30   Adler, Lizzie 24   Altman,
  Anna 16   Ardito, Anna 25   Astrowsky, Becky 20  
  Bassino, Rosie 31   Belatta, Vincenza 16  
  Bellotta, Ignazia  Father identified by heel of
  shoe. Benanti, Vincenza 22   Bernstein, Essie 19
    Bernstein, Jacob 28   Bernstein, Morris 19  
  Bernstein, Moses   Bierman, Gussie 22 Parents
  complained body stripped of rings. Binevitz,
  Abraham 20   Brenman, Rosie   Brenman, Surka
  (Sarah)   Brodsky, Ida 16   Brodsky, Sarah 21  
  Brooks, Ida 18   Brunette, Laura 17   Caputta 17
    Carlisi, Josep 31   Caruso, Albina 20  
  Carutto, Frances 17   Castello, Josie 21  
  Cirrito, Rosie   Cohen, Anna 25   Colletti,
  Antonia (Annie) 30   Costello, Della   Crepo,
  Rose 19   Denent, Grances 20   Dichtenhultz
  (Fichtenhultz), Yetta 18   Dockman (Dochman),
  Dora (Clara) 19   Dorman, K  Identified by
  registered letter. Downic, Kalman 24   Eisenberg,
  Celia 17   Feibush, Rose Feicisch(Feibish),
  Rebecca 17   Died at hospital after jumping.
  Feltzer 40   Fitze, Mrs. Dosie Lopez 24 Survived
  jump for day, then died. Forrester, May 25  
  Franco, Jennie 16   Frank, Tina 17   Gallo, Mrs.
  Mary 23   Geib, Bertha 25   Gernstein, Molly 17  
  Gittlin, Celina 17   Goldfield, Esther  
  Goldstein, Esther   Goldstein, Lena 22  
  Goldstein, Mary 11   Goldstein, Yetta 20  
  Gorfield, Esther 22   Grameattassio, Mrs. Irene
  24   Harris, Esther 21  Broke back coming down
  elevator chute. Herman, Mary 40   Jakobowski, Ida
    Kaplan (woman) 20   Kenowitch, Ida 18   Keober
  30   Kessler, Becky Tag read, "B Kessler, call
  for her tomorrow." Klein, Jacob 23   Kupla, Sara
  Jumped.  Survived five days after fire.
  Launswold, Fannie 24   Lefkowitz, Nettie 28  
  Lehrer, Max 19   Lehrer, Sam   Leone, Kate 14  
  Lermack, Rosie D. 19   Leventhal, Mary 22
  Identified by gold-capped tooth. Levin, Jennie 19
  Attractive woman who died with folded arms
  Levine, Abe   Levine, Max   Levine, Pauline 19  
  Maltese, Catherine Mother of two victims below.
  Maltese, Lucia 20 One of three bodies identified
  by her brother. Maltese, Rosalie(Rosari) 14  
  Manara, Mrs. Maria 27   Manofsky, Rose 22  Died
  at Bellevue Hospital.

19
Just a list of names

• Marciano, Mrs. Michela 25   Mayer, Minnie  
  Meyers, Yetta 19   Miale, Bettina 18 Identified
  by ring on her finger. Miale, Frances 21  
  Midolo, Gaetana 16   Nebrerer, Becky 19  
  Nicholas, Annie 18   Nicolose, Nicolina 
  (Michelina)   Novobritsky, Annie 20   Nussbaum
  (Nausbaum),  Sadie 18 Lower half of body consumed
  by flame. Oberstein, Julia 19   Oringer, Rose
   Died at St. Vincent's Hospital. Ozzo, Carrie 22
    Pack, Annie 18   Panno, Mrs. Providenza 48  
  Pasqualicca, Antonietta 16   Pearl, Ida 20  
  Pildescu, Jennie 18   Pinello, Vincenza 30  
  Poliny, Jennie 20   Prato, Millie 21   Reivers,
  Becky 19   Rootstein, Emma   Robinowitz, Abraham
    Rosen, Israel 17 Sister identified body by
  ring. Rosen, Julia(widow) 35 842 found in her
  stocking. Rosen, Mrs. Leob 38   Rosenbaum, Yetta
  22   Rosenberg, Jennie 21   Rosenfeld, Gussie 22
  Last body to be identified. Rosenthal, Nettie 21
    Rother, R 25   Rother, Theodore 22  
  Sabasowitz, Sarah 17   Salemi, Sophie 24
  Identified by a darn in her stocking. Saracino,
  Sara   Saracino, Serafina 25   Saracino, Tessie
  20   Schiffman, Gussie 18   Schmidt, Mrs. Theresa
  32   Schneider, Mrs. Ethel   Schochep, Violet 21
    Schwartz, Margaret Named victim in criminal
  case. Selzer, Jacob 33   Semmilio, Mrs. Annie 30
    Shapiro, Rosie 17   Shena, Catherine 30  
  Sklaver, Berel (Sklawer,  Bennie) 25   Sorkin,
  Rosie 18   Spear   Sprunt   Spunt, Gussie 19  
  Starr, Mrs. Annie 30   Stein, Jennie 18  
  Stellino, Jennie 16   Stiglitz, Jennie 22  
  Tabick, Samuel 18   Terdanova (Terranova), 
  Clotilde 22   Only victim to die on tenth floor
  jumped. Tortorella, Isabella 17   Ullo, Mary 20  
  Utal, Meyer 23   Velakowsky,  Freda(Freida) 20
  Survived jump for 3 days, then died. Vivlania,
  Bessie 15   Vovobritsky, Annie 20   Weinduff,
  Sally 17   Weiner, Rose 23   Weintraub, Sally
  (Sarah?) 17   Weintraub, Celia   Welfowitz, Dora
  21   Wilson, Joseph 21 Found by fiance to have
  been wed in June. Wisner, Tessie 27   Wisotsky,
  Sonia 17   Wondross, Bertha Zeltner gt 30 Died of
  internal injuries at St. Vincent's.

20
Making Judicial Progress

• Muller vs. Oregon (1908) found attorney Louis D.
  Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept
  theconstitutionality of laws that protected
  women workers.
• Lochner v. New York invalidated a New York law
  establishing a ten-hour day for bakers.
• Court upheld a similar law for factory workers.

21
Progressives challenge the Demon Rum

• Prohibitionist organizations - Womans Christian
  Temperance Union (WCTU), founded by Frances E.
  Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed.
• 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking
  of alcohol.

22
End of Chapter 28 pt. 1
23
TRs Three Cs

• President Roosevelt
• Square Deal
• Three Cs
• control of the corporations
• consumer protection
• conservation of the United States natural
  resources.

Square Deal Dance
24
1902 Pennsylvania Anthracite Coal Mine Strike

• 140,000 workers demanded a 20 pay increase and
  the reduction of the workday to nine hours.
• Owners refused to negotiate - lack of coal
  (freezing schools, hospitals, and factories)
• TR threatened to seize the mines and operate them
  with federal troops
• Workers got a 10 pay increase and a 9-hour
  workday, but their union was not officially
  recognized as a bargaining agent.

25
Cabinet Department of Commerce and Labor

• In 1903- Department of Commerce and Labor allowed
  to probebusinesses engaged in interstate
  commerce it was highly useful intrust-busting.
  

26
1904 Presidential election

• TR easily beat Democrat Alton B. Parker
• However, in 1904, TR announced that he would not
  seek the presidency in 1908, since he would have,
  in effect, served two terms by then. Thus he
  defanged his power.
• Notice the Solid South for Democrats

27
TR Corrals the Railroads

• 1887 - Interstate Commerce Commission
  inadequate
• 1903 - Elkins Act - fined railroads that gave
  rebates and the shippers that accepted them.
• 1906- Hepburn Act - stated the government's
  regulatory power more definitively
• empowered the ICC to change a railroad rate to
  one it considered "just and reasonable,
• Mann-Elkins Act - placed the burden of proof on
  the railroads for the first time, they would
  have to actively demonstrate that a rate was
  reasonable.

28
TR as trustbuster

• TR decided that there were good trusts and
  badtrusts, and set out to control the bad
  trusts,such as the Northern Securities Company,
  which was organized by J.P.Morgan and James J.
  Hill.
• 1904, Supreme Court ordered Northern Securities
  to dissolve
• Angered Wall Street but helped TRs image.

29
TR as trustbuster

• Crack down on over 40 trusts
• helped dissolve thebeef, sugar, fertilizer, and
  harvester trusts
• He wasnt as large of a trustbuster as he has
  been portrayed.
• He had no wish to take down the good trusts,
  but thetrusts that did fall under TRs big stick
  fell symbolically, sothat other trusts would
  reform themselves.

30
Consumer protection

• Upton Sinclairs The Jungle - horrors of the
  meatpacking industry
• Meat Inspection Act, preparation of meat shipped
  over state lines would be subject to federal
  inspection

• The Pure Food and Drug Act tried to prevent the
  adulteration and mislabeling of foods and
  pharmaceuticals

31
Starting to protect the Environment

• Wasting natural resources
• Forest Reserve Act of 1891 - authorized the
  president to set aside land to be protected as
  national parks.
• Under this statute, some 46 million acres of
  forest were set aside as preserves.

32
Starting to protect the Environment

• Gifford Pinchot - head of the federal Division of
  Forestry Conservationist
• The Newlands Act of 1902 - initiated irrigation
  projects for the western states

33
Starting to protect the Environment

• By 1900, only a quarter of the nations natural
  timberlandsremained, so he set aside 125 million
  acres, establishing perhaps hismost enduring
  achievement as president.
• In 1913, San Francisco received permission to
  build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of
  Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy.
  
• Roosevelts conservation deal meant working with
  the big logging companies, not the small,
  independent ones.

34
The Roosevelt Panic of 1907

• Widespread popularity
• Conservatives branded him as a dangerous
  rattlesnake, unpredictable in his Progressive
  moves.
• In 1907, a short but sharp panic on Wall Street
  placed TR at the center of its blame
• He lashed back
• Panic died down.
• 1908 - Aldrich-Vreeland Act authorized national
  banks to issue emergency currency backed by
  various kinds of collateral.
• This would lead to the momentous Federal Reserve
  Act of 1913

35
Need for an elastic currency
36
The Rough Rider Thunders Out

• In the 1908 campaign, TR chose William Howard
  Taft as his successor, hoping that the
  corpulent man would continue his policies
• Taft easily defeated William Jennings Bryan
• surprise came from Socialist Eugene V. Debs, who
  garnered 420,793 votes.

37
TRs Legacy

• Protected against socialism
• Conservationist
• Expanded the powers of the presidency
• Shaped the progressive movement
• Launched the Square Deala precursor to the New
  Deal
• Opened American eyes to the fact that America
  shared the world with other nations so that it
  couldnt be isolationist.

38
Meet President Taft

• William Taft was a mild progressive, quite
  jovial, quite fat, and passive.
• He was also sensitive to criticism and not as
  liberal as Roosevelt.

39
The Dollar Goes Abroad as Diplomat

• Taft - Dollar Diplomacy -called for Wall Street
  bankers to invest their surplus dollars into
  foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S.
• (Far East and in the regions critical to the
  security of the Panama Canal)
• This investment, in effect, gave the U.S.
  economic control over these areas.

40
Bad Neighbor Policy

• Roosevelt carried the big stick in the Americas
  while Taft promoted Dollar Diplomacy

• In 1909, perceiving a threat to the monopolistic
  Russian andJapanese control of the Manchurian
  Railway, Taft had Secretary of State Philander C.
  Knox propose that a group of American and foreign
  bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to
  China.
• Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and
  Haiti, whoseeconomies were stagnant, while in
  Cuba, the same Honduras, theDominican Republic,
  and Nicaragua, American forces were brought in to
  restore order after unrest.

41
The real trustbuster President Taft

• In his four years of office, Taft brought 90
  suits against trusts.
• In 1911, the Supreme Court ordered the
  dissolution of the Standard Oil Company.
• After Taft tried to break apart U.S. Steel
  despite TRs prior approval of the trust, Taft
  increasingly became TRs antagonist.

42
Taft Splits the Republican Party

• Two main issues split the Republican party (1)
  the tariff and (2) conservation of lands.
• To lower the tariff and fulfill a campaign
  promise, Taft and theHouse passed a moderately
  reductive bill, but the Senate, led by Senator
  Nelson W. Aldrich, tacked on lots of upward
  revisions, and thus, when the Payne-Aldrich Bill
  passed, it betrayed Tafts promise, incurred the
  wrath of his party (drawn mostly from the
  Midwest), and outraged many people.

• Old Republicans were high-tariff new/Progressive
  Republicans were low tariff.
• Taft even foolishly called it the best bill that
  the Republican party ever passed.

Rhode Island Senator Nelson Aldrich
43
Ballinger Pinchot Affair

• Ballinger-Pinchot Quarrel
• Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger
  opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and
  Alaska to corporate development and was
  criticized by Forestry chief Gifford Pinchot, who
  was then fired by Taft.
• Old Republicans favored using the lands for
  business new/Progressive Republicans favored
  conservation of lands.

44
1910 off year elections

• In the spring of 1910, the Republican party was
  split between theProgressives and the Old Guard
  that Taft supported, so that theDemocrats
  emerged with a landslide in the House.
• Socialist Victor L. Berger was elected from
  Milwaukee to Congress.

The Socialist Victor L. Berger
45
The Republican Party Splits

• In 1911, the National Progressive Republican
  League was formed,with Robert M. La Follette as
  its leader
• February 1912, TR began dropping hints that he
  wouldnt mind being nominated by the Republicans
  (he had meant no third consecutive term, not a
  third term overall)

46
1912 Presidential Election

• Rejected by the Taft supporters of the
  Republicans, TR became acandidate on the
  Progressive party ticket, shoving LaFollette
  aside.
• In the Election of 1912, it would be Theodore
  Roosevelt(Progressive Republican or Bull Moose
  Party) versus William H. Taft (Old Guard
  Republican)versus the Democratic candidate,
  Woodrow Wilson.

47
Welcome President Wilson