Faculty

1
Faculty

• The Evolution of Faculty
• As a Career

2
Faculty

• Influence of German universities
• Had a great impact on society
• Disinterested pursuit of knowledge through
  original investigation
• Freedom to teach/freedom to learn/applied-pure
• University as instrument of the state to serve
  the common good
• Awarded doctorate
• Was a career builder to have a German degree
• John Hopkins Univ. of Chicago follow German
  model from the beginnings
• University of Chicago
• Ceaseless investigation of every realm of
  knowledge
• Accessibility to university/communications
  between university and outside world
• William Rainey Harper 1892 120 faculty, 27
  discipline, 594 students/ ½ grad students/
  faculty promotion/ president as academic leader
• Opens as a University (Harvard opened as a
  college)
• Rockefeller by 1916 8 m for land buildings, 35 m
  endowment

3
Faculty

• University of Chicago cont.
• 1908 120 specialized national learned societies
• University press begins
• 1945 86 journals in history
• TIAA-CREF
• End of serious transformation for faculty
• Academic Freedom
• Faculty Dismissal
• By politicians
• Religious tests
• German concept
• Faculty could teach/research any subject
• Students free to learnany course no exams until
  graduation
• Plato
• Free to follow any argument wherever it might
  lead concept is old
• Leadership Dunster at Harvard, Cutler at Yale
• 1840s religious orthodoxy replaced by political
  orthodoxy

Sears Tower in Chicago
4
Faculty

• Political issue
• Slavery as political issue
• 1880s institutions banned teaching of evolution
• Princeton, Williams, Amherst
• 1900 conflicts over labor union
• Faculty views limited by institutional philosophy
• Jefferson _at_ Univ. of Virginia ..we are not
  afraid to follow truth where ever it may lead,
  nor to tolerate error so long as reason is left
  to combat it.
• 1st institution to give faculty lifetime
  appointments as protection against unpopular
  ideas
• Jeffersons views not followed
• Pres. Andrews _at_ Brown supported silver standard,
  his board supported gold standard he was out
• Prof. Ross _at_ Stanford advocated municipal
  ownership of railroads
• Harper _at_ Chicago fired Prof. Bemis critical of RR
  owners

Virginia
5
Faculty

• Conflict between faculty and lay boards
  conflict b/w intellectual freedom and donors
• Lay boards came about in part to replace
  influence of religious orthodoxy
• Conflict with donors and influence of donors over
  policy
• College tradition Andrew White at Cornell 1866
• in an instrument of learning, facility and power
  in imparting truth are even more necessary than
  in discovering it.
• University tradition Harper at Chicago 1892
• It is proposed in this institution to make the
  work of investigation primary, the work of giving
  instruction secondary.
• Transformation of service/knowledge in service to
  the state for the common good. Land grant concept
  in action. Education no longer isolated.
• Progressivism Realization of the changing nature
  of the nation as it industrializes desire to
  confront issues
• Univ. of VA adds Dept. of forestry, Univ. of IL-
  100,000 contact per year about agriculture, Univ.
  of KS- prairie dog eradication

6
Faculty

• Progressivism Cont.
• Ceaseless investigation of every topic likely
  offends someone, particularly those who believe
  all the truth is known.
• Ely, Wisconsin, Marxist socialist
• We cannot for a moment believe that knowledge
  had reached its final goal or that the present
  condition of society is perfectwe feel that we
  would be unworthy of the positions we hold if we
  did not believe in progress in all departments of
  knowledge. Compare to Yale Report
• If we knew what we were doing we would not call
  it research- Einstein
• Conflict Board, public, donors, unconstrained
  faculty freedom
• Examples?
• 2 kinds of HE
• Truth defined and limited by founding principles
• No constraint on pursuit of truth/ who defends?

7
Faculty

• Academic freedom not in 1918 dictionary
• 1901 American Economic Association
• Ross _at_ Stanford
• 1st review of firing/others follow
• John Dewey calls meeting of professional
  associations
• Protect free inquiry
• 867 from 60 institutions
• Result 1915 American Association of Univ.
  Professors
• Goals Tenure to protect jobs assure standards
• American Association of University Professors
  (AAUP)
• Opposition trade union? Tenure unpopular
• Principles
• Free to come to conclusions unaffected by factors
  irrelevant to the validity of that knowledge
  Obligation of faculty is to society, not board
  Board appoints but does not employ termination
  judgment of peers Broadcast fruits of ideas
  inside and outside of academe but had duty of
  care Power- threat of censure principles have
  come to be adapted
• Challenges to Principles WWI limit freedom
  during war 1930s loyalty oaths

8
Faculty

• Faculty dismissed if
• German background, did not support US
• Encouraged others to avoid draft
• Loyalty oaths
• Common in 1930s AAUP supported
• After WWII CA required loyalty oath
• HE System further required non communist pledge
• 39 Berkeley faculty refused to sign fired state
  court supports faculty
• In time Judged by quality of work, not
  association
• Proprietary schools
• Dealt with professions or occupations that had
  immediate employability
• 1910 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
  Teaching concluded there were good and bad
  schools
• Led to implementation of standards and reformed
  medical school