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Final Grammar Review

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Title: Final Grammar Review


1
Final Grammar Review
2
Parallel Structure
  • Definition/Rules
  • Parallel structure means using the same pattern
    of words to show that two or more ideas have the
    same level of importance. This can happen at the
    word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to
    join parallel structures is with the use of
    coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."

3
Examples
  • NOT PARALLEL
  • Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a
    bicycle.
  • The teacher said that he was a poor student
    because he waited until the last minute to study
    for the exam, completed his lab problems in a
    careless manner, and his motivation was low.
  • PARALLEL
  • Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
  • Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a
    bicycle.
  • Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.

4
Exercises
  • In the following pairs, one sentence has parallel
    structure, and the other sentence lacks parallel
    structure. Mark the CORRECT sentence.
  • 1.
  • A. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and loves
    everyone.
  • B. Jennifer is smart, beautiful, and caring.
  • 2.
  • A. Andys day is so long that he gets up at 600
    a.m., leaves for work at 630 a.m., is eating
    dinner at 1100 p.m., and goes to bed at 200
    a.m.
  • B. Andys day is so long that he gets up at 600
    a.m., leaves for work at 630 a.m., eats dinner
    at 1100 p.m., and goes to bed at 200 a.m.
  • .

5
  • 3.
  • A. Bob was not only Sams roommate, but also he
    was his best friend.
  • B. Bob was not only Sams roommate but also his
    best friend.
  • 4.
  • A. If you go to the store, please remember to
    pick up your prescription, buy some shampoo, and
    to look for a notebook.
  • B. If you go to the store, please remember to
    pick up your prescription, to buy some shampoo,
    and to look for a notebook.

6
  • 5.
  • A. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my
    job performance, evaluating my goals, and
    discussing my future with the company.
  • B. I spent two hours with Ms. Smith, reviewing my
    job performance, evaluating my goals, and my
    future with the company was also discussed.
  • 6.
  • A. Mr. Browns lecture was inaccurate, boring,
    and unnecessary.
  • B. Mr. Browns lecture was inaccurate, boring,
    and should have been omitted.

7
Semicolon Rules
8
Semicolon
  • Use a semicolon to separate to independent
    clauses. (An independent clause means it can
    stand alone as its own sentence.)
  • Example My aunt also had hairy knuckles she
    loved to wash and comb them.

9
Semicolon Exercises where should they go?
  • 1.  Take care of the children the adults can take
    care of themselves.
  • 2.  There were two young elephants they needed to
    have the hairs trimmed out of their noses.
  • 3.  It was ever so easy to build smoke stacks out
    of cardboard the hard part was keeping the smoke
    stacks from burning up.
  • 4.  Irma was a very contented lady while she was
    swimming she always grinned. 

10
Subject/Verb Agreement
  • Basic Principle Singular subjects need singular
    verbs plural subjects need plural verbs. My
    brother is a nutritionist. My sisters are
    mathematicians.

11
Exercises Subject Verb Agreement
  • 1. At Yellowstone Park grizzly bears (doesnt,
    dont) have names they have numbers.
  •        
  • 2.   In the meeting between human and bear, a
    wild-card factor (throws, throw) all calculations
    and studies to the wind.
  • 3. The Yellowstone authorities should (has, have)
    kept thorough records on each bear.        
  • 4.      When some bears (encounters, encounter)
    people, it is the bear who runs.

12
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreeement
  • A Pronoun is a substitute for a noun. It refers
    to a person, place, thing, feeling, or quality
    but does not refer to it by its name.
  • An antecedent is the word, phrase, or clause to
    which a pronoun refers, understood by the
    context.
  • Although Sarah was shy, she managed to make a few
    friends.

13
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement Exercises
  • During early rehearsals, an actor may forget (his
    or her, their) lines.
  • The Washington team was opportunistic (it, they)
    took advantage of every break.
  • A person needs to see (his or her, their) dentist
    twice a year.
  • The committee members put (its, their) signatures
    on the document.
  • If any one of the sisters needs a ride, (she,
    they) can call me.

14
There, Theyre, Their
  • There place
  • Theyre they are
  • Their possession

15
There, Theyre, Their
  • Which of the following sentences uses the correct
    word choice for their/there/theyre?
  • a) They couldnt believe they forgot to call
    there parents.
  • b) Their worried that their parents will be mad.
  • c) They left theyre phones in the car.
  • d) I only hope that Santa will bring my sons
    everything on their list.

16
Misplaced Modifiers
  • Modifiers are just what they sound likewords or
    phrases that modify something else. Misplaced
    modifiers are modifiers that modify something you
    didn't intend them to modify. For example, the
    word only is a modifier that's easy to
    misplace.These two sentences mean different
    things
  • I ate only vegetables.I only ate vegetables

17
EXAMPLES
  • One morning I hugged an elephant in my pajamas.
  • Fixed One morning, wearing my pajamas, I hugged
    an elephant.

18
Misplaced Modifier Exercises
  •   The bus station was located by a river which
    was made of red brick.
  • A fish was found in the Pacific Ocean that had
    been considered extinct.
  • The cowboy was thrown by the bull in a leather
    vest.
  • Sam asked me to go for a ride on the telephone.

19
Smoothly Embedding a quotation
  • You need context before your quote. Advanced
    embedding means that you include your quote as
    part of your sentence.
  • Example The author says of the Boise School
    Library, in February 2010, it had
    6,787visitors (Doerr 2).

20
You Try
  • Which one is done correctly?
  • Vincent describes how one of his patients is
    always trying to learn new vocabulary, but finds
    it extremely difficult (Smith 3).
  • In the article it says, always trying to learn
    new vocabulary, but finds it extremely difficult
    (Smith page 3).

21
Active vs. Passive Voice
  • What is the active voice? Its a form of sentence
    construction. In the most basic sentence,
    active-voice construction is subject verb
    direct object. The subject acts on a direct
    object. Put another way, in the active voice you
    identify an actor (for instance, a person or
    organization) and what the action is.

22
Active vs. Passive Voice
  • What is the passive voice? In the passive voice,
    the subject is acted upon. Typically, the passive
    voice uses a verb phrase of the verb to be plus
    by. Many writers, however, drop the by in the
    passive voiceso the reader does not know for
    sure who or what the actor is.

23
Active vs. Passive Voice
  • These are examples Seniors are covered . . .
    Medicines are distributed . . . Prices were
    increased . . . Candles are being lit . . . Songs
    were sung . . . You can mentally insert by to
    double check that these sentences are in the
    passive voice. Medicines are distributed by the
    United Nations. Prices were increased by the
    health care insurers.

24
Passive Voice Exercises
  • 1. You are being watched by Big Brother
  • Paradise was paved and a parking lot put up
  • The sheriff was shot by me.
  • A new nation was brought forth on this continent
    by our fathers.

25
Exit Slip
  • Pick one of the grammar topics we reviewed today
    and create 2 sample quiz questions testing that
    skill.
  • You will switch with a partner and answer his/her
    questions.
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