Chapter 3 Socialization

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Chapter 3 Socialization

• Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?
• Social Psychological Theories of Human
  Development
• Sociological Theories of Human Development
• Agents of Socialization

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Chapter 3 Socialization

• Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization
• Socialization Through the Life Course
• Resocialization
• Socialization in the Future

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Why is Socialization Important?

• Teaches us the ways of thinking, talking and
  acting that are necessary for social living.
• Members of society must be socialized to support
  the existing social structure.
• Allows society to pass culture on to the next
  generation.

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Human Development

• Humans are a product of biology, society and
  personal experiences.
• Most human actions, except for reflexes, are
  social in cause or consequence.
• Individuals who are isolated as children never
  fully develop emotionally or intellectually.

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Social Psychological Theories of Human Development

• Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Piaget and Cognitive Development
• Kohlberg and the Stages of Moral Development
• Gilligans View on Gender and Moral Development

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Freud and The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Human behavior and personality originate from
  unconscious forces within individuals.
• Human development occurs in three states that
  reflect different levels of personality
• Id
• Ego
• Superego

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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children
  understand the world through sensory contact and
  immediate action.
• Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children
  begin to use words as symbols and form mental
  images.

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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

• Concrete operational stage ( age 7 to 11) -
  children think in terms of tangible objects and
  events.
• Formal operational stage (12 and up) -
  adolescents begin to think about the future and
  evaluate different courses of action.

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KohlbergsStages of Moral Reasoning

1. Preconventional level (ages 7 to 10)Childrens
   perceptions are based on punishment and
   obedience.
2. Conventional level (10 through adulthood)People
   are concerned with how they are perceived by
   peers and how one conforms to rules.

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KohlbergsStages of Moral Reasoning

1. Postconventional level (few adults reach this
   stage)People view morality in terms of
   individual rights moral conduct is judged by
   principles based on human rights that transcend
   government and laws.

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Gilligans Stages of Female Moral Development

• Stage 1 A woman is motivated primarily by
  selfish concerns.
• Stage 2 She recognizes her responsibility to
  others.
• Stage 3 She makes a decision based on her desire
  to do the greatest good for herself and for
  others.

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Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self

• Self-concept derived from a 3 step process
• We imagine how our personality and appearance
  will look to other people.
• We imagine how other people judge the appearance
  and personality that we think we present.
• We develop a self-concept.

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Mead and Role-taking

• The self is divided into the I and the Me
• I represents the unique traits of each person.
• Me is composed of attitudes and demands of
  others and the awareness of those demands.
• I develops first. Me is formed during three
  stages of self development.

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Meads Three Stages of Self-Development

1. Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)Children prepare
   for role-taking by imitating the people around
   them.
2. Play Stage (3 - 5)Children begin to see
   themselves in relation to others.

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Meads Three Stages of Self-Development

• Game Stage (early school years)Children
  understand their social position and the
  positions of those around them.Children become
  concerned about the demands and expectations of
  others.

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Agents of Socialization

• Family
• Peer Group
• School
• Mass Media