The Truman Doctrine

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The Truman Doctrine

• 12 March 1947 Truman ? Congress Greece Turkey
  need aid
• Communist victory in the Eastern Mediterranean
  could mean Soviet domination of the Middle East
• Truman declared that the US should support free
  peoples throughout the world who were resisting
  takeovers by armed minorities or outside
  pressures ?
• The Truman Doctrine

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The Truman Doctrine (contd)

• 400 million approved
• Ended policy of post-war cutbacks
• Suggested new level of confrontation with the
  Soviets
• Truman built a national consensus that fighting
  communism was the purpose of containment

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Significance of the Truman Doctrine

• One of the declarations of Cold War
• Point at which the Truman administration
  Congress made public the decision that Communism
  was a great threat

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The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan - Go to
http//www.johndclare.net/cold_war8.htm
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Postwar Europe

• Economic chaos ? high unemployment, active black
  markets, thefts
• Millions in refugee camps
• 1946-1947 winter bitterest in centuries
  below-zero temperatures record snow
• Damaged crops froze rivers which prevented water
  transport (creates fuel shortages) food
  rationing in UK

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The Marshall Plan (June 1947)

• US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed
  that the US provide aid to all European nations
  that needed it
• Move directed, not against any country or
  doctrine but against hunger, desperation, and
  chaos.
• Recipients had to remove trade barriers and
  cooperate economically with each other

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Other Goals of the Marshall Plan

• 1) It could act as a barrier to Soviet expansion
• 2) Pull Eastern Europe out of the Soviet bloc
• 3) Integrate Germany and contain it

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Marshall Plan Approved

• Many resist giving away billions of dollars
• February 25, 1948 communist coup in
  Czechoslovakia (backed by Moscow)
• Coup convinced Congress of the need strong,
  stable governments in Europe to resist communism
• 12 billion over 4 years to 16 countries

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The Marshall Plan
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Significance of the Marshall Plan

• Great success economically politically
• Nutrition improved and industry grew
• 1952 Western Europe was flourishing
• The threat of communist parties taking over was
  ended
• USSR sees plan as a lure to Eastern Europe to be
  like us

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II. The First Cold War1948-1953

• West USSR clash over German reunification
• Desire a productive Germany for European
  stability
• June 1948 US, UK, France fuse occupied zones
  into one
• Want to encourage the political unity of Berlin

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The Berlin Blockade (June 1948-May 1949)

• USSR fear ? block all road, rail, river traffic
  to Berlin
• Stalin believed the Western powers would give up
  the idea of a unified Germany or surrender
  control of Berlin
• US UK Response 11 month Berlin Airlift
• US prestige increases USSR prestige declines

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The Berlin Blockade - Go to http//www.johndclare.
net/cold_war9.htm
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China from 1912-1949
Yuan Shikai (left) and Sun Yat-sen (right) with
flags representing the early republic
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Wade-Giles Pinyin transliteration

• Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMT) also the
  Guomindang GMD
• Chiang Kai-shek - Jiang Jieshi
• Mao Tse-tung Mao Zedong

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Imperialism Civil War In China

• I. The Early Republic (1912-1916)
• Western style democracy
• Sun Yat-sen (President) powerless govt. Allied
  Power in WWI
• II. Era of the Warlords (1916-1927)
• Popular anger over Versailles disillusionment
  w/West democracy
• Sun Yat-sen dies 1925 Chiang Kai-shek
• Joint Nationalist/Communist efforts to destroy
  warlords

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Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)
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Civil War In China

• III. From the White Terror to the Yanan Soviet
  (1927-1937)
• White Terror, 1927
• Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMT) vs. Communists
• Mao Tse-tung
• The Long March, 1934-1935
• IV. Nationalist China (1937-1945)
• Japanese invasion 1937
• Nationalist/Communist cooperation

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Mao Tse-tung
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Civil War In China

• V. The Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)
• Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists)
• Mao Tse-tung (Communists)
• Mao Communist forces victorious 1949
• Nationalists had lost popular support since they
  rarely engaged the Japanese armies during WW2
  peasants also favored Maos promise of land
  reform
• Nationalists (Chiang) flee to Taiwan

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Chinese Civil War, 1945-49
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Mao Tse-tung proclaiming the establishment of the
People's Republic of China in 1949.
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The Cold War Spreads to Asia

• The Loss of China
• Republicans blame the Democrats for this
• Insufficient US aid to Chiang
• Treachery within the State Department
• Democrats Truman
• Chiang never had China to lose
• Chiang had no popular support outside support
  no substitute

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The Loss of China (contd)

• Many Americans believe the treachery loss
  theories
• Chinese Nationalists (UN) warn of the spread of
  Communism throughout Asia
• Korean War in the summer of 1950 caused many
  Americans to believe this

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The US Prepares to Confront the Soviet Union
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National Security Act of 1947

• Created the Department of Defense (army, navy,
  air force)
• Joint Chiefs of Staff
• NSC (National Security Council) established to
  advise the president on security matters
• CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) created to
  coordinate the governments foreign fact-gathering

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The Pentagon

• Home of the Department of Defense

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NSC-68

• NSC memorandum from 1950
• Said US should quadruple defense spending
• Resurrected by the Korean crisis
• Truman 50 billion per year 3.5 million men
  under arms
• Marked the militarization of US foreign policy
• Move from containment to roll-back
• objective stop the Soviets from imposing
  absolute authority over the rest of the world

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The Atomic Arms Race

• US was the only nation with the A-bomb
• Soviet spies help USSR develop the bomb by 1949
• Truman approves the development of the H-bomb
• 1952 US explodes 1st H-Bomb (Ivy Mike)
• 1953 USSR explodes 1st H-Bomb
• Peace through mutual terror

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Ivy Mike Hydrogen Device
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Ivy Mike (10.4 mT, Eniwetok, Oct. 31, 1952)
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RDS-6 Joe 4 (400 kT August 12, 1953)
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The Korean War - Go to http//www.johndclare.net/c
old_war10.htm