CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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CHAPTER 5The Structure and Function of
Macromolecules

• You are what you eat!

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Standards

• Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
  lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Identify the major structural components and
  functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
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Shoulder Partners
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Flip BooksTake out your flip books for
notesTurn to last page it should be open for
notes about definitions and reactions
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Building MacromoleculesTake out the pieces of
macromolecules that you colored and cut out last
class periodYou also need one sheet of
construction paper
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What is a MACROmolecule?

• A Large molecule with a complex structure
• A polymer built from monomers

Macromolecule
little molecule
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Poly - mer
Many
Parts

• A long molecule made of monomers bonded together

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Mono - mer
One
Part

• The building blocks of polymers
• A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

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• Three of lifes organic macromolecules are
  polymers
• Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids

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EXAMPLES
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Think Pair Share

• Explain to your partner how these Lego structures
  are like Polymers

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How are Polymers made?

• How do monomers bind to form polymers?
• condensation reactions called dehydration
  synthesis (removal of water)

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How do polymers break down?

• Hydrolysis reaction
• Hydro lysis
• Water is added to break the bonds that hold the
  polymer together.

Water
To Break
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Hydrolysis
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Think Pair Share
Why would polymers need to be broken down?
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Classes of Organic Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbo - hydrate
Carbon
Water

• Monomer
• Monosaccharide
• (mono one saccharide sugar)
• Polymers
• Disaccharides (di two)
• Polysaccharides (poly many)

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Think Pair Share
What are some functions of carbohydrates?
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• Functions of Carbohydrates in living things
• Major fuel/energy source
• Energy storage
• Can be used as raw materials for other
  Macromolecules
• Structural/building material in plants

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Structure of Monosaccharides

• Contain only C, H, O
• All have the molecular formula - (CH2O)n

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• In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form
  rings

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Structure of Disaccharides

• Consists of two monosaccharides
• The monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic
  linkage (bond)

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Polar Bears

• What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage (bond)
  between the monosaccharides to become a
  disaccharide?
• Dehydration synthesis

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Build a Carbohydrate

• Assemble a disaccharide sugar.
• The building block/monomers of carbohydrates are
  ____________.
• Place ________of these into a chain
• Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
  Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
  released during this reaction.
• Label as a dissaccharide

simple sugars
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Build a Carbohydrate
H2O
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Polysaccharides

• Structure Polymers of a few hundred or a few
  thousand monosaccharides.
• Functions
• energy storage molecules
• structural support

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Examples of Carbs
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• Starch - plant storage form for energy
• easily broken down into glucose units

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• Cellulose - fiber-like structural material made
  of glucose monomers
• used in plant cell walls

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Why is Cellulose so strong?

• Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal
  Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain
• When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each
  other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong
  material thats difficult to break!

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• Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of
  energy
• Glucose monomers

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Penguins

• What reaction breaks the glycosidic linkage
  (bond) between the glucose molecules in glycogen
  so the monomers can be used for fuel?
• Hydrolysis

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• Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural
  material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell
  walls.

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Build a Carbohydrate

• Assemble the remaining carbohydrate monomers into
  a polysaccharide sugar.
• Place the remaining carbohydrate monomers into a
  chain.
• Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
  Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
  released during this reaction.

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Standards

• Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
  lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Identify the major structural components and
  functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
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PROTEINS
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Proteins

• Monomer
• amino acids
• connected by peptide bonds
• Have a 3 dimensional globular shape

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Amino Acids

• Molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
• Differ in their properties due to differing side
  chains, called R groups

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20 different amino acids

• The sequence of amino acids determine the shape
  of the protein

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Did you know?

• Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino
  acids.

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Think Pair Share
Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?
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• Polymers polypeptides
• Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form
  polypeptide chains

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Examples of Protein Functions

• Immune System
• Antibodies (proteins) bind to foreign substances
• Transport
• Membrane transport proteins - move substances
  across cell membranes
• Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other
  substances through the body.
• Muscle Contractions
• Signaling - Hormones such as insulin regulate
  sugar levels in blood.

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Proteins are very complex! Their specific
structure determines their function.
HEMOGLOBIN Transport of gases and iron in blood
ACTIN Filament involved in muscle contraction
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Four Levels of Protein Structure

• Primary structure
• Is the unique sequence of amino acids in a
  polypeptide

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• Secondary structure
• Is the folding of the polypeptide one time
• Forms an a helix or a b pleated sheet

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• Tertiary structure
• Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a
  polypeptide

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• Quaternary structure
• Is the overall protein structure that results
  from the combination of two or more polypeptide
  subunits

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Polar Bears

• Explain the four levels of protein structure to
  your penguin

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Sickle Cell Disease
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Sickle Cell Disease A simple change in Primary
Structure
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Enzymes

• proteins that act as a catalyst

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Penguins

• List at least 2 factors that effect protein
  structure

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Environmental Factors That Effect Protein Shape

• pH
• Temperature
• Salinity
• Denatured protein is biologically inactive
• Can sometimes renature if primary structure is
  unchanged.

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Build a Protein

• Assemble a 4-monomer polypeptide.
• The building block/monomers of proteins are
  ____________.
• Place 4 of these into a chain
• Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
  Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
  released during this reaction.
• Label as a 4-monomer polypeptide

Amino Acids
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Build a Protein

• Assemble the remaining monomers into a
  polypeptide.
• Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
  Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
  released during this reaction.
• Label as a ___-monomer polypeptide

?
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Standards

• Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
  lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Identify the major structural components and
  functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
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LIPIDS

• What are Lipids?
• Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments
• Hydrophobic (hydrowater phobic fearing)
• Consist mostly of hydrocarbons
• Do NOT consist of polymers

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• Monomers
• The building blocks of all lipids are called
• Fatty Acids

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• Functions of Lipids in living things
• Energy storage
• Cell membrane structure
• Protecting against desiccation (drying out).
• Insulating against cold.
• Absorbing shocks.
• Regulating cell activities by hormone actions.

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Structure of Common Fats - Triglycerides

• Consist of a single glycerol and usually three
  fatty acids
• Glycerol an alcohol with three carbons
• Fatty Acid - Long Hydrocarbon chains with a
  Carboxyl group at one end.

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Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

• Unsaturated fats
• one or more double bonds between carbons in the
  fatty acids allows for kinks in the tails
• liquid at room temp
• most plant fats
• Saturated fats
• No double bonds in fatty acid tails
• solid at room temp
• most animal fats

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Saturated fatty acid
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Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
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Build a Lipid

• Assemble a triglyceride.
• The building block/monomers of lipids are
  ____________.
• Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
  structure/components
• Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
  Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
  released during this reaction.
• Label as a triglyceride

Fatty Acids
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Phospholipids

• Structure Glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate
  group.
• Function Main structural component of
  membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.

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Phospholipids in Water
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Draw a Phospholipid

• Next to your triglyceride, draw a phospholipid
• Label the parts/components
• Label the drawing as a phospholipid

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Waxes

• Function
• Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and
  as animal coverings.

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Steroids

• Structure Four carbon rings with no fatty acid
  tails
• Functions
• Component of animal cell membranes (Ex
  Cholesterol)
• Modified to form sex hormones

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Standards

• Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates,
  lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Identify the major structural components and
  functions of the four major macromolecules

Objectives
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Nucleic Acid Monomers Nucleotides

• Nucleotide 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and
  nitrogenous base

Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA
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Two Types of Nucleic Acids Polymers

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• double stranded
• can self replicate
• makes up genes which code for proteins is passed
  from one generation to another
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
• single stranded
• functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded
  for by DNA
• is made from the DNA template molecule

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Function of Nucleic Acids The stuff of Genes

• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
  information
• Genes
• Are the units of inheritance
• Code for the sequence of amino acids(making
  polypeptides)
• Made of nucleic acids

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Both polymers function together for protein
synthesis
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Building the Polymer

• Phosphate group of one nucleotide forms strong
  covalent bond with the 3 carbon of the sugar of
  the other nucleotide.

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• DNA
• Double helix
• 2 polynucleotide chains wound into the double
  helix
• Base pairing between chains with H bonds
• A - T
• C - G

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Building DNA

• The building block/monomers of lipids are
  ____________.
• Build 2 nucleotides
• Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
  structure/components
• Link the 2 nucleotides together
• The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to
  the pentose sugar of the next
• Label as DNA

nucleotides
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Building DNA

• Use your notes to assemble w/ correct
  structure/components
• Use the triangle water to point to the bond site.
  Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or
  released during this reaction.
• Label as a triglyceride

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Summary of the Organic Molecules