Routes of Human Mobility

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Routes of Human Mobility
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Global Immigration Patterns

• NET OUT-MIGRATION
• Asia
• Latin America
• Africa
• NET IN-MIGRATION
• North America
• Europe
• Oceania
• The global pattern reflects the importance of
  migration from less developed countries to more
  developed countries.

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Global Immigration Patterns

• The population of the US includes about 30
  million immigrants.
• Largest number of immigrants in the world but a
  smaller percentage - 1/10th of total population
• ½ Latin America
• More than 1/2 are from Mexico
• ¼ Asia
• ¼ Europe
• Australia 1/4th of total population
• Canada 1/6th of total population
• Highest percentage of immigrants can be found in
  the Middle East approx. ½ of the total
  population

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US Immigration Patterns

• About 70 million people have migrated to the
  United States since 1820. (30 million currently
  alive)
• The US has had three main eras in immigration
  and has drawn from areas all over the globe.

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Colonial Immigration from England Africa

• Immigration to the American
  colonies and the newly independent
  United States came from
  two sources Europe
  Africa.
• Most of the Africans were forced to migrate to
  the U.S. as slaves.
• Approx. 650,000 to USA
• Most Europeans were voluntary migrants although
  harsh economic conditions and persecution
  in Europe blurred the distinction between forced
  voluntary migration for many Europeans.
• 1 million before Independence
• 1 million between 1776-1840
• 90 Great Britain
• 10 Dutch, Swedes, French, Germans,
  Swiss, Spanish, Portuguese

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19th early 20th Century European Immigration to
the United States

• In the 500 years since Christopher Columbus
  sailed from Spain to the Western Hemisphere,
  about 65 million Europeans have migrated to other
  continents.
• For 40 million of them the destination was the
  United States.
• There are three peaks of
  European Immigration

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First Peak of European Immigration

• 16071840 2 million (90 Great Britain)
• ___________________________
• 1840-1860 4 million
• 90 came from Northern Western Europe
• 2/5th Ireland economic
• 1/3rd Germany economic political
• Immigration declined during the 1860s

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Second Peak of European Immigration

• 1870-1890 ½ million annually
• Again, more than 3/4th came from Northern and
  Western Europe.
• Germans Irish
• Scandinavian countries
• Entered into stage 2 of the demographic
  transition due to the Industrial Revolution too
  many people, not enough opportunities
• Economic problems in the US discouraged
  immigration in the 1890s

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Third Peak of European Immigration

• 1900-1920s
• approx. 1 million annually
• Southern Eastern Europe
• Most came from countries that previously
  had sent few people.
• 1/4th from Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary
• The shift coincided with the diffusion of
  the Industrial Revolutionto southern
  eastern Europe
• 1910 13 million US residents were either
  foreign born or had at least one foreign-born
  parent
• 14 of the 92 million Americans at the time

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Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions

• Immigration to the United States dropped sharply
  in the 1930s and 1940s, during the Great
  Depression and World War II
• Steadily increased in the 50s, 60s, 70s
• Surged to historically high levels during the
  80s, 90s, 00s

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Immigration from Asia

• 1800s-1960s only 1 million
• 1970s-today over 7 million
• Asia was the leading source of immigrants between
  the late 1970s and the late 1980s until overtaken
  by Latin America
• Four leading Asian
  sources today
• China
• Philippines
• India
• Vietnam

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Immigration from Latin America

• 1820-1860 approx. 2 million
• 1960-2000 approx. 11 million
• 1960s began entering Stages 2 3
• Pushed by poor economic conditions
• Lured by economic opportunity social
  advancement
• Mexico passed Germany during the 1980s as the
  country that has sent to the United States the
  most immigrants ever, currently more than 8
  million legal

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Internal US Migration
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Internal US Migration

• Colonial Times
• Few colonists ventured far from coastal locations
  because they depended on shipping links with
  Europe to receive products and to export raw
  materials
• Hindered by intervening obstacles
• Appalachian Mountains
• Hostile Indigenous residents (Indians)

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Internal US Migration

• Early Settlement in the Interior
• Encouraged by the opportunity to obtain a large
  amount of land at a low price, people moved into
  river valleys and fertile level lowlands as far
  west as the Mississippi R.
• Transportation improvements helped to open the
  interior
• Erie Canal
• The diffusion of steam powered boats further
  speeded water travel.

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Internal US Migration

• Early Settlement in the Interior
• The population center shifted west rapidly
  because most western pioneers during the mid
  nineteenth century passed through the interior of
  the country on their way to California
• Westward advancement of settlement stopped at the
  98th meridian
• Maps labeled the region west of the 98th meridian
  as the Great American Desert. (Great Plains)
• No trees and little rainfall
• Ironically, this is one of the worlds richest
  farming areas

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Internal US Migration

• Settlement of the Great Plains
• The US population center continued to migrate
  westward but at a much slower pace after 1880
• Large scale migration to the East Coast by
  immigrants offset some of the westward migration
• It also slowed down as people began to fill in
  the area between the 98th meridian and California
• The Railroad created towns between destinations
• Omaha, Kansas City, Salt Lake City, Denver
• Someone had to live and work there
• Realization of the fertile soil
• In 1980 the Center of US Population jumped west
  of the Mississippi River for the
  1st time.

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Internal US Migration

• Recent Growth of the South
• SUNBELT
• During the 1990s, for the first time more
  Americans moved out of the West than into the
  West.
• Americans are now migrating into the South
• Economic opportunities
• Environmental Reasons
• Interregional migration has slowed in the 21st
  Century.

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African American Internal Migration

• From 1890 1960 approximately seven million
  African Americans migrated from the South to the
  North, Midwest and West.
• Migrated to
• Escape Racism
• Seek Employment in Industrial Cities
• Get a better Education (self/family)
• Since 1970 the trend has
  reversed.
• De-industrialization of northern cities
• Growth of jobs in the New South
• Improving race relations

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Intraregional Migration in the U.S.

• Far more people move within the same region,
  which is known as intraregional migration.
• Less than 5 percent of the worlds people lived
  in urban areas in 1800, compared to 50 percent
  today.

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Urban vs. Rural

• Urbanizationis the growth of city populations
  and the movement of people from rural areas to
  urban areas.
• Urbanization began in the 1800s in the countries
  of Europe and North America that were undergoing
  rapid industrial development.
• Migrations from rural to urban areas has
  skyrocketed in recent years in the less developed
  countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

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Urban vs. Rural

• In more developed countries, most intraregional
  migration is from central cities out to the
  suburbs.
• As a result of suburbanization, the territory
  occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.
• URBAN SPRAWL

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Problems Associated with Growth of Urban Areas

• Transportation problems
• Rich/Poor neighborhoodsisolated from one another
• Providing essential services (fresh water,
  sewage, disposal, electricity, schools, clinics)
  becomes a problem
• Air, water, and noise pollution increase
• Sprawl results
• Rapid Immigration leads to Shantytowns
• In Developing countries, major cities are more
  connected to regions outside the country than to
  regions within the country

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Counter-urbanization

• During the late 20th Century the more developed
  countries witnessed a new trend as more people
  immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of
  them Counter-urbanization
• Like suburbanization, people move
  for lifestyle reasons.
• Many migrants are retired people

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Why Do People Migrate Within other Countries?

• Russia
• Komsomol
• Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia
• Economic migration within European countries
• Restricted migration in India

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Migration in Europe
Figure 3-20