GIS Overview

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GIS Overview
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What is GIS?

• GIS (Geographic Information System) computer
  information system that can input, store,
  manipulate, analyze, and display geographically
  referenced (spatial) data to support decision
  making processes.

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Tools for a GIS

• Hardware
• Computer
• Printer / Plotter
• Digitizer
• Scanner
• GIS Desktop Software (ESRI, Inc. ArcView)
• CAD Software (AutoDesk - AutoCAD)
• Multimedia (Photos, Video, 3D Models)
• World Wide Web (ESRI, Inc. ARCIMS)
• Personnel

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GIS Data Sources

• Digitized and Scanned Maps
• purchased, donated, free (Internet)
• created by user
• Data Bases Tables of data
• GPS Global Positioning System
• accurate locations
• Field Sampling of Attributes
• Remote Sensing Aerial Photography

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Conventional Information Systems

• Answer the following questions
• Who ?
• What ?
• When ?
• Why ?
• How ?

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GIS answers the following

• Location What is at...?
• Condition Where is it?
• Trends What has changed since...?
• Patterns What spatial patterns exist?
• Modeling What if?
• Exploring data using GIS turns data into
  information into knowledge

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Data Data Data

• Location Data How Many? What Kind? Where?
• Scale of Data Global to Local
• Data Presentation
• Words, Charts, Graphs, Tables, Maps,
  Photos

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Databases

• Not easy to interpret

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Visualizing Data

• A picture is worth a thousand words

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GIS Data

• Raster Images - grids
• pixels
• a location and value
• satellite images and aerial photos
• Vector - grids
• Features points, lines polygons
• Attributes size, type, length, etc.

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Layers of GIS Information
Municipalities
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Layers of GIS Information
Census Tracts
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Layers of GIS Information
Lakes and Rivers
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Layers of GIS Information
Polluting Companies
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Layers of GIS Information
Schools
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Maps and Databases are Interactive
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GIS Connects Graphics to Data
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Maps and Databases are Interactive
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Queries and Restrictions
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GIS Turns Data into Information

• A picture is worth a thousand words

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GIS Analyzes Information
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GIS Examples
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World and Country Level
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State Level
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Township Level
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Conclusions

• State level analysis results indicated
  Transylvania County as the high risk area in
  terms of number of children per each HSDS,
• County level analysis results indicated Brevard
  Township as the high risk area in terms of
  combined effect of young population density and
  HSDS density,
• Township level analysis results indicated
• 4 different HSDS located at the southern region
  of Brevard Township as potential risk-producing
  areas,
• 2 public schools within 10 minute walking
  distance buffer of previously detected HSDS,
• 4 public water supply sources (PWSS) two of which
  may supply water to public schools and daycare
  centers,
• A total of 2,593 people living within 10 minute
  walking distance of specified HSDS, and total of
  506 people (between the ages of 0 and 17) within
  the same distance.

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Obesity Research

• Objectives
• To evaluate if the degree of pediatric obesity,
  assessed by BMI Z scores, is related to proximity
  to fast food restaurants or distance from parks.
• To determine if the effectiveness of treatment of
  obesity is related to the following age, gender,
  race/ethnicity, number of follow up visits, and
  proximity to the treatment center.
• Design/Methods
• Patient addresses (n1,014) were mapped with
  GIS, and then overlaid with parks, fast food
  locations, and additional layers including
  socioeconomic, political, school, and
  neighborhood districts.
• Distance buffers from the WMWC were created and
  overlaid with patient addresses and BMI Z score
  changes following treatment.

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Travel Distances Z Score Change (-.5 to -2.16),
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Results
Proximity to the center was unrelated to success
in BMI decreases
Travel Distances Z Score Change (.5 to 2.81)
Total 8
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Results

• Of patients with moderate BMI decrease (Z score
  change gt -0.5), 43.7 live within 600 feet of a
  park and 56.3 farther than
• 1200 feet. Mean distance to fast food is 1.1
  miles.
• Of patients with moderate BMI increases (Z score
  change gt 0.5), 16.7 live within 600 feet of a
  park and 83.3 farther than 1200 feet. Mean
  distance from fast food is .8 miles.

Patient Locations Compared to Fast Food and Parks
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Property Value and Street Trees

• An Analysis of the City of Pittsburgh
  Neighborhoods, 2009

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City of Pittsburgh NeighborhoodsResidential
Sales, 2009
Average Sale Price by Neighborhood
Note white areas indicate no sales Source
Allegheny County
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City of Pittsburgh Neighborhoods and Street
Trees, 2009
Number of Trees per Neighborhood
Source Friends of the Pittsburgh Urban Forest
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Property Sales Compared to Number of Trees per
Block
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A High Risk Poverty Index

• Geospatial Analysis Methods for the
  Greater Pittsburgh
  Community Food Bank

Heinz College School of Public Policy
Management Brandon C. Loughery, MAM Kristen
Kurland, Faculty Advisor Larry Hokaj, Chief
Technology Officer GPCFM Spring 2009
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Introduction

• There are three project objectives
• Provide background information to use additional
  geospatial information systems (GIS) technology
  for evaluation and predictive processes
• Gain a more thorough understanding of the
  communities GPCFB serves.
• Create and implement a delimited index to help
  identify populations that need the Food Banks
  services the most.

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Poverty Variables

• Householders in renter-occupied housing with
  income below the poverty level who receive public
  assistance income
• Total number of the youth population 18 years and
  younger, by block group, who live at or below the
  poverty line
• Total number of elderly population 65 years and
  older, by block group, who live at or below the
  poverty line
• Total number of families, by block group, who
  have a female household head (no husband present)
  with related children under 18 years of age
• The number of elderly population 65 years and
  older with income below the poverty level and a
  disability
• Total number of families who have a female
  household head (no husband present) where the
  household head worked full-time, year round in
  1999 and lived below the poverty level
• The total number of adults over the age of 18
  with no high school diploma
• The variables are taken directly from the Sample
  File 3 (SF 3) sample population data from the
  U.S. Census.

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High Risk Poverty Areas
Contour Line 9
Low Risk Medium Risk
High Risk
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GPCFB Program Locations and High Risk Poverty
Areas
Low Risk Medium Risk
High Risk
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FIGURE 3 Buffer Zone around High Risk Poverty
Areas
1,500 Buffer Zone
Low Risk Medium Risk
High Risk
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TABLE 1 Total High Risk GPCFB Member Agencies
(Raster Value of 12)
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TABLE 2 Total Low Risk GPCFB Member Agency
(Raster Value of 1)
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TABLE 3 Variable Data Summary
Risk Factor Sum Mean Standard Deviation
Householders in renter-occupied housing with income below the poverty level who receive public assistance income 4,329 23.92 34.53
Total number of the youth population 18 years and younger, by block group, who live at or below the poverty line 81,713 200.28 141.32
Total number of elderly population 65 years and older, by block group, who live at or below the poverty line 65,843 161.38 100.16
Total number of families, by block group, who have a female household head (no husband present) with related children under 18 years of age 7558 18.52 39.15
The number of elderly population 65 years and older with income below the poverty level and a disability 4,590 25.36 23.53
Total number of families who have a female household head (no husband present) where the household head worked full-time, year round in 1999 and lived below the poverty level 886 4.90 9.19
The total number of adults over the age of 18 with no high school diploma 47,533 262.61 197.90
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High Risk Poverty Index Results by Neighborhood
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ESRI

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• http//www.esri.com/industries.html