Computers: Understanding Technology, 3e

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Chapter 13
Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence
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Presentation Overview

• The Use of Multimedia
• Creating Digital Media
• Creating Multimedia
• Artificial Intelligence

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The Use of Multimedia

• Multimedia Web Pages

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The Use of Multimedia

• Multimedia Web Pages
• Flash and Shockwave are leading sources of Web
  movies and games

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The Use of Multimedia

• Multimedia Web Pages
• Flash and Shockwave are leading sources of Web
  movies and games
• Shockwave more intensive format, requiring more
  time to download larger 3-D movies

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The Use of Multimedia

• Multimedia Web Pages
• Flash and Shockwave are leading sources of Web
  movies and games
• Shockwave more intensive format, requiring more
  time to download larger 3-D movies
• Flash faster and commonly used for cartoonlike
  imagery

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The Use of Multimedia

• Multimedia Web Pages
• Flash and Shockwave are leading sources of Web
  movies and games
• Shockwave more intensive format, requiring more
  time to download larger 3-D movies
• Flash faster and commonly used for cartoonlike
  imagery
• both provide fast, easily created movies that
  transmit over Internet as part of a Web page

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The Use of Multimedia

• Educational Tools

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The Use of Multimedia

• Educational Tools
• schools and colleges use online courses as
  valuable teaching medium

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The Use of Multimedia

• Educational Tools
• schools and colleges use online courses as
  valuable teaching medium
• online courses incorporate sound, images, and
  videos within a text framework

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The Use of Multimedia

• Educational Tools
• schools and colleges use online courses as
  valuable teaching medium
• online courses incorporate sound, images, and
  videos within a text framework
• multimedia tutorials are helpful for special
  education students because materials are
  presented in various forms

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The Use of Multimedia

• Computer Games

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The Use of Multimedia

• Computer Games
• about 50 percent of Americans play computer games
  on a regular basis

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The Use of Multimedia

• Computer Games
• about 50 percent of Americans play computer games
  on a regular basis
• game consoles rival personal computers for power
  and are priced under 300

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The Use of Multimedia

• Computer Games
• about 50 percent of Americans play computer games
  on a regular basis
• game consoles rival personal computers for power
  and are priced under 300
• online games involve thousands of players and
  enable them to chat, have adventures, and
  interact in worlds that exist only inside a
  computer

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The Use of Multimedia

• Computer Games
• multimedia PCs are most costly and high-powered
  computers on consumer market

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The Use of Multimedia

• Computer Games
• multimedia PCs are most costly and high-powered
  computers on consumer market
• running a game makes a computer work harder than
  any other task because it requires fast 3-D
  video, sound, and networkingoften all at once

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The Use of Multimedia

• Online Gaming Terminology

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The Use of Multimedia

• Online Gaming Terminology (continued)

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Creating Digital Media

• Digitizing reducing a picture, sound, text, or
  movie to a series of on-off settings that can be
  stored on a computer.

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Creating Digital Media

• Digitizing reducing a picture, sound, text, or
  movie to a series of on-off settings that can be
  stored on a computer.
• Digital media an advantage over analog data
  because it can be reproduced an infinite number
  of times with no degradation of quality.

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Creating Digital Media

• Painting and Drawing Programs

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Creating Digital Media

• Painting and Drawing Programs
• Bitmap-based (paint) graphics programs provide
  tools that users can use to create and edit
  drawings by changing pixels from white to black
  or color.

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Creating Digital Media

• Painting and Drawing Programs
• Bitmap-based (paint) graphics programs provide
  tools that users can use to create and edit
  drawings by changing pixels from white to black
  or color.
• Vector-based (draw) graphics programs provide
  tools that users can use to create, edit, and
  combine mathematically defined geometric shapes.

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Creating Digital Media
Some Standard Graphics File Formats
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Creating Digital Media

• Graphics File Formats

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Creating Digital Media

• Graphics File Formats
• Native format format that is specific to the
  application in which it is made

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Creating Digital Media

• Graphics File Formats
• Native format format that is specific to the
  application in which it is made
• Exporting saving graphic in a standard file
  format

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Creating Digital Media

• Graphics File Formats
• Native format format that is specific to the
  application in which it is made
• Exporting saving graphic in a standard file
  format
• Importing placing a graphic from a standard
  file format into another document or file

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Creating Digital Media

• Graphics File Formats
• Native format format that is specific to the
  application in which it is made
• Exporting saving graphic in a standard file
  format
• Importing placing a graphic from a standard
  file format into another document or file
• Data compression conversion program can
  compress a bitmap image into another file format
  that looks almost as good and requires less file
  space

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Creating Digital Media

• Shown here are a compressed bitmap file and an
  uncompressed bitmap file of the same image

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Creating Digital Media

• Vector Graphics

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Creating Digital Media

• Vector Graphics
• stored as a series of codes representing
  different shapes, each with a color, size, and
  starting position

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Creating Digital Media

• Vector Graphics
• stored as a series of codes representing
  different shapes, each with a color, size, and
  starting position
• cannot reproduce a detailed image such as a face

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Creating Digital Media

• Vector Graphics
• stored as a series of codes representing
  different shapes, each with a color, size, and
  starting position
• cannot reproduce a detailed image such as a face
• wireframe diagram can use three-dimensional
  techniques to create, using vector graphics, a
  wireframe that can be stretched and rotated as
  desired bitmaps are drawn on top of the
  wireframe to create a three-dimensional effect

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Creating Digital Media

• Clip Art Images

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Creating Digital Media

• Clip Art Images
• icon-like images that are sizable and can be
  inserted into the text of a report or Web pages
  to liven up the screen

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Creating Digital Media

• Clip Art Images
• icon-like images that are sizable and can be
  inserted into the text of a report or Web pages
  to liven up the screen
• somewhat generic, tending to feature items such
  as images of spinning globes, stop signs, or
  stylized computers

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Creating Digital Media

• Raster Image Editing

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Creating Digital Media

• Raster Image Editing
• Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo House can edit
  digitized photographs

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Creating Digital Media

• Raster Image Editing
• Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo House can edit
  digitized photographs
• digitized photographs are stored as raster
  images, or a collection of pixels

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Creating Digital Media

• Raster Image Editing
• Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo House can edit
  digitized photographs
• digitized photographs are stored as raster
  images, or a collection of pixels
• most common file format used for digitized photos
  is the Tag Image File Format (TIFF or TIF)

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Creating Digital Media

• 3-D Modeling Programs

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Creating Digital Media

• 3-D Modeling Programs
• create what appears to be three-dimensional
  objects on a two-dimensional surface

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Creating Digital Media

• 3-D Modeling Programs
• create what appears to be three-dimensional
  objects on a two-dimensional surface
• requires combined talents of an artist and an
  advanced computer user

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Creating Digital Media

• 3-D Modeling Programs
• create what appears to be three-dimensional
  objects on a two-dimensional surface
• requires combined talents of an artist and an
  advanced computer user
• requires enormous computing power

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Creating Digital Media

• Computer Animation

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Creating Digital Media

• Computer Animation
• computer graphic special effects (CG FX) allow
  users to draw computer animated graphics

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Creating Digital Media

• Computer Animation
• computer graphic special effects (CG FX) allow
  users to draw computer animated graphics
• far cheaper to create computer animated graphics
  than use traditional techniques

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Creating Digital Media

• Computer Animation
• computer graphic special effects (CG FX) allow
  users to draw computer animated graphics
• far cheaper to create computer animated graphics
  than use traditional techniques
• animated graphics are easily manipulated so that
  any image can be redrawn until it is just right

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Creating Digital Media

• The sound of someone singing is captured by
  sampling the sound and then storing the
  measurements in binary format for use by the
  computer.

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Creating Digital Media

• Wave Files

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Creating Digital Media

• Wave Files
• records any kind of sound by storing masses of
  binary numbers and measuring exactly how much
  voltage to send out to the speakers each fraction
  of a second in order to reproduce the sound

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Creating Digital Media

• Wave Files
• records any kind of sound by storing masses of
  binary numbers and measuring exactly how much
  voltage to send out to the speakers each fraction
  of a second in order to reproduce the sound
• a human voice sounds very real at a sampling rate
  of 11 KHz

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Creating Digital Media

• Wave Files
• records any kind of sound by storing masses of
  binary numbers and measuring exactly how much
  voltage to send out to the speakers each fraction
  of a second in order to reproduce the sound
• a human voice sounds very real at a sampling rate
  of 11 KHz
• clear, sharp musical reproductions are recorded
  at 44 KHz

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Creating Digital Media

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface

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Creating Digital Media

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• digitally simulates musical instruments

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Creating Digital Media

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• digitally simulates musical instruments
• MIDI file only needs to know which notes to play
  on each instrument to reproduce music

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Creating Digital Media

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• digitally simulates musical instruments
• MIDI file only needs to know which notes to play
  on each instrument to reproduce music
• used to create background music for games

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Creating Digital Media

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• digitally simulates musical instruments
• MIDI file only needs to know which notes to play
  on each instrument to reproduce music
• used to create background music for games
• MIDI files reproduce rather poorly on PCs

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Creating Digital Media

• MP3 Sound Compression Technique

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Creating Digital Media

• MP3 Sound Compression Technique
• takes a wave file and reduces it by 90, leaving
  behind a high-quality reproduction

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Creating Digital Media

• MP3 Sound Compression Technique
• takes a wave file and reduces it by 90, leaving
  behind a high-quality reproduction
• uses a data compression system that works in a
  similar fashion to JPEG or GIF formats

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Creating Digital Media

• MP3 Sound Compression Technique
• takes a wave file and reduces it by 90, leaving
  behind a high-quality reproduction
• uses a data compression system that works in a
  similar fashion to JPEG or GIF formats
• possible for a device the size of a credit card
  to hold an entire library of music

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Movies

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Movies
• significantly enhance the movie-viewing
  experience through their high-quality sound and
  pictures

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Movies
• significantly enhance the movie-viewing
  experience through their high-quality sound and
  pictures
• do not degrade with each showing and therefore do
  not skip, buzz, or flicker

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Creating Digital Media

• Movie Compression Techniques

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Creating Digital Media

• Movie Compression Techniques
• MPEG file format the movie equivalent of the
  MP3 music format

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Creating Digital Media

• Movie Compression Techniques
• MPEG file format movie equivalent of the MP3
  music format
• MPEG2 file format high-quality format DVD
  players use

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Creating Digital Media

• Movie Compression Techniques
• MPEG file format movie equivalent of the MP3
  music format
• MPEG2 file format high-quality format DVD
  players use
• MOV file format apple format

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Creating Digital Media

• Movie Compression Techniques
• MPEG file format movie equivalent of the MP3
  music format
• MPEG2 file format high-quality format DVD
  players use
• MOV file format apple format
• AVI file format older Windows format

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Creating Digital Media

• Movie Compression Techniques
• MPEG file format movie equivalent of the MP3
  music format
• MPEG2 file format high-quality format DVD
  players use
• MOV file format apple format
• AVI file format older Windows format
• Flash moving images for Web pages

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Cable

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Cable
• offers wide selection of stations, typically
  several hundred, with the capability of expanding
  to 2,000 stations

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Cable
• offers wide selection of stations, typically
  several hundred, with the capability of expanding
  to 2,000 stations
• provides clearer picture but takes longer to come
  into focus

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Cable
• offers wide selection of stations, typically
  several hundred, with the capability of expanding
  to 2,000 stations
• provides clearer picture but takes longer to come
  into focus
• provides easily accessible information buttons
  and scheduling data

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Video Recorder (DVR)

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
• operates as a digital TV cable box and can also
  perform the job of HD TV support

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
• operates as a digital TV cable box and can also
  perform the job of HD TV support
• records TV on a hard drive inside the box

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Creating Digital Media

• Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
• operates as a digital TV cable box and can also
  perform the job of HD TV support
• records TV on a hard drive inside the box
• is able to pause and rewind live TV for later
  viewing

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Creating Digital Media

• High-Definition TV

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Creating Digital Media

• High-Definition TV
• has more lines and more pixelsthus, higher
  resolution

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Creating Digital Media

• High-Definition TV
• has more lines and more pixelsthus, higher
  resolution
• offers sharper picture quality

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Creating Digital Media

• High-Definition TV
• has more lines and more pixelsthus, higher
  resolution
• offers sharper picture quality
• requires stations to buy expensive new hardware

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Creating Digital Media

• High-Definition TV
• has more lines and more pixelsthus, higher
  resolution
• offers sharper picture quality
• requires stations to buy expensive new hardware
• increased bandwidth forces some TV cable networks
  to remove channels from their list

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Creating Multimedia

• Steps in Creating Multimedia

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Creating Multimedia

• Steps in Creating Multimedia
• plan the work

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Creating Multimedia

• Steps in Creating Multimedia
• plan the work
• create the elements to be included in the work

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Creating Multimedia

• Steps in Creating Multimedia
• plan the work
• create the elements to be included in the work
• combine the elements to create the work

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Creating Multimedia

• Steps in Creating Multimedia
• plan the work
• create the elements to be included in the work
• combine the elements to create the work
• write the work to a portable storage medium such
  as a CD-ROM, or post the work on the Web

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Creating Multimedia

• Sequential Page-Based Multimedia

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Creating Multimedia

• Sequential Page-Based Multimedia
• sequence of pages or slides appearing one after
  the other and incorporating elements such as
  text, sound, graphics, and video

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Creating Multimedia

• Sequential Page-Based Multimedia
• sequence of pages or slides appearing one after
  the other and incorporating elements such as
  text, sound, graphics, and video
• material is presented in a fixed order

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Creating Multimedia

• Sequential Page-Based Multimedia
• sequence of pages or slides appearing one after
  the other and incorporating elements such as
  text, sound, graphics, and video
• material is presented in a fixed order
• appropriate for sales presentations, lectures, or
  step-by-step descriptions of how to accomplish a
  task

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Creating Multimedia

• Hypertext Page-Based Multimedia

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Creating Multimedia

• Hypertext Page-Based Multimedia
• set of pages containing links that can be
  followed at will

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Creating Multimedia

• Hypertext Page-Based Multimedia
• set of pages containing links that can be
  followed at will
• user can move from page to page or click on links
  to graphics, text, sound, or video files

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Creating Multimedia

• Hypertext Page-Based Multimedia
• set of pages containing links that can be
  followed at will
• user can move from page to page or click on links
  to graphics, text, sound, or video files
• author prepares a tree diagram showing links
  between pages

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Creating Multimedia

• This tree diagram shows links between pages in a
  simple multimedia presentation.

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Creating Multimedia

• Movie-Based Multimedia

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Creating Multimedia

• Movie-Based Multimedia
• work can be a movie or series of movies that stop
  from time to time, enabling users to follow links

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Creating Multimedia

• Movie-Based Multimedia
• work can be a movie or series of movies that stop
  from time to time, enabling users to follow links
• a storyboard is prepared to plan sequential
  page-based multimedia or movie-based multimedia

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Creating Multimedia

• Movie-Based Multimedia
• work can be a movie or series of movies that stop
  from time to time, enabling users to follow links
• a storyboard is prepared to plan sequential
  page-based multimedia or movie-based multimedia
• storyboards consist of sketches of the pages or
  frames as they will appear in the final work

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Creating Multimedia

• Creating the Content of the Work

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Creating Multimedia

• Creating the Content of the Work
• text prepared using a word processing program

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Creating Multimedia

• Creating the Content of the Work
• text prepared using a word processing program
• graphics created in painting, drawing, or 3-D
  modeling programs, or taken from clip art or
  stock sources

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Creating Multimedia

• Creating the Content of the Work
• text prepared using a word processing program
• graphics created in painting, drawing, or 3-D
  modeling programs, or taken from clip art or
  stock sources
• images produced by traditional means or scanned
  and edited in a graphics program

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Creating Multimedia

• Hardware/Software for Creating Multimedia

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Creating Multimedia

• Hardware/Software for Creating Multimedia
• sound digitizing card enables computer to capture
  and process digitized sounds

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Creating Multimedia

• Hardware/Software for Creating Multimedia
• sound digitizing card enables computer to capture
  and process digitized sounds
• programs such as SoundEdit and Deck capture and
  edit sounds

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Creating Multimedia

• Hardware/Software for Creating Multimedia
• sound digitizing card enables computer to capture
  and process digitized sounds
• programs such as SoundEdit and Deck capture and
  edit sounds
• video digitizing card captures and digitizes
  video images and sound

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Creating Multimedia

• Hardware/Software for Creating Multimedia
• sound digitizing card enables computer to capture
  and process digitized sounds
• programs such as SoundEdit and Deck capture and
  edit sounds
• video digitizing card captures and digitizes
  video images and sound
• programs such as VideoVision and Adobe Premier
  capture and edit images

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Creating Multimedia

• Combining the Elements

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Creating Multimedia

• Combining the Elements
• simplest works are documents that move from page
  to page invoking multimedia elements placed on
  the pages

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Creating Multimedia

• Combining the Elements
• simplest works are documents that move from page
  to page invoking multimedia elements placed on
  the pages
• more complex works use PDF files incorporating
  pages created in other programs such as graphics,
  presentation, or page layout programs

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Creating Multimedia

• Combining the Elements
• simplest works are documents that move from page
  to page invoking multimedia elements placed on
  the pages
• more complex works use PDF files incorporating
  pages created in other programs such as graphics,
  presentation, or page layout programs
• most complex works save elements as single tracks
  that are combined and synchronized into a single
  file

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Artificial Intelligence

• The goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to
  develop computers that can perform functions
  normally reserved for humans thinking, talking,
  seeing, feeling, walking, and learning from their
  mistakes.

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Artificial Intelligence

• AI Technology Trends

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Artificial Intelligence

• AI Technology Trends
• moving toward limited, focused applications

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Artificial Intelligence

• AI Technology Trends
• moving toward limited, focused applications
• goal of AI has shifted to augmenting human
  capabilities rather than supplanting them

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Artificial Intelligence

• AI Technology Trends
• moving toward limited, focused applications
• goal of AI has shifted to augmenting human
  capabilities rather than supplanting them
• three primary areas of artificial intelligence
  applications are cognitive science, natural
  interfaces, and robotics

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Artificial Intelligence

• Three primary areas of artificial intelligence
  applications are cognitive science, natural
  interfaces, and robotics.

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Artificial Intelligence

• Cognitive Science Application

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Artificial Intelligence

• Cognitive Science Application
• the study and simulation of the human mind

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Artificial Intelligence

• Cognitive Science Application
• the study and simulation of the human mind
• based on biology, neurology, psychology, and
  other disciplines

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Artificial Intelligence

• Cognitive Science Application
• the study and simulation of the human mind
• based on biology, neurology, psychology, and
  other disciplines
• focuses on researching how the human brain thinks
  and learns

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Artificial Intelligence

• Cognitive Science Application
• the study and simulation of the human mind
• based on biology, neurology, psychology, and
  other disciplines
• focuses on researching how the human brain thinks
  and learns
• types of applications are intelligent agents,
  experts systems, data mining, genetic algorithms,
  fuzzy logic, and neural networks

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Artificial Intelligence

• Intelligent Agent

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Artificial Intelligence

• Intelligent Agent
• provides an intuitive assistant (agent) that can
  utilize knowledge based on past experience and
  predictions of likely future behavior

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Artificial Intelligence

• Intelligent Agent
• provides an intuitive assistant (agent) that can
  utilize knowledge based on past experience and
  predictions of likely future behavior
• agents goal is to reduce difficult tasks down to
  a few simple mouse clicks that can be completed
  quickly

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Artificial Intelligence

• Expert System

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Artificial Intelligence

• Expert System
• embodies human expertise in a particular field

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Artificial Intelligence

• Expert System
• embodies human expertise in a particular field
• works by questioning the user and then drawing a
  conclusion from the information provided

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Artificial Intelligence

• Expert System
• embodies human expertise in a particular field
• works by questioning the user and then drawing a
  conclusion from the information provided
• a knowledge engineer specializes in building
  knowledge bases of rules the computer can prove
  or disprove

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Artificial Intelligence

• Expert System
• embodies human expertise in a particular field
• works by questioning the user and then drawing a
  conclusion from the information provided
• a knowledge engineer specializes in building
  knowledge bases of rules the computer can prove
  or disprove
• an inference engine asks the questions and draws
  the conclusions

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Artificial Intelligence

• Data Mining

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Artificial Intelligence

• Data Mining
• finds new ways to use masses of data stored in
  databases of large corporations

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Artificial Intelligence

• Data Mining
• finds new ways to use masses of data stored in
  databases of large corporations
• sorts existing data to provide more carefully
  targeted marketing and pricing of products

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Artificial Intelligence

• Data Mining
• finds new ways to use masses of data stored in
  databases of large corporations
• sorts existing data to provide more carefully
  targeted marketing and pricing of products
• able to determine with good accuracy whether a
  new offering will succeed or fail

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Artificial Intelligence

• Genetic Algorithms

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Artificial Intelligence

• Genetic Algorithms
• applies a Darwinian (survival of the fittest)
  method to problem solving

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Artificial Intelligence

• Genetic Algorithms
• applies a Darwinian (survival of the fittest)
  method to problem solving
• uses a computer to create thousands or millions
  of slightly varied designs and then tests and
  selects the best of them

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Artificial Intelligence

• Genetic Algorithms
• applies a Darwinian (survival of the fittest)
  method to problem solving
• uses a computer to create thousands or millions
  of slightly varied designs and then tests and
  selects the best of them
• chooses most successful designs for new
  mutations, producing crossovers by mixing
  together traits of the survivors

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Artificial Intelligence

• Fuzzy Logic System

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Artificial Intelligence

• Fuzzy Logic System
• attempts to model human reasoning by allowing for
  approximations and incomplete input data

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Artificial Intelligence

• Fuzzy Logic System
• attempts to model human reasoning by allowing for
  approximations and incomplete input data
• allows users to input fuzzy data

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Artificial Intelligence

• Fuzzy Logic System
• attempts to model human reasoning by allowing for
  approximations and incomplete input data
• allows users to input fuzzy data
• works more naturally with the user by piecing
  together an answer similar to what a traditional
  expert system uses

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Artificial Intelligence

• Comparison of traditional SQL query and
  equivalent fuzzy logic query

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Artificial Intelligence

• Neural Network

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Artificial Intelligence

• Neural Network
• simulates the physical workings of the human mind

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Artificial Intelligence

• Neural Network
• simulates the physical workings of the human mind
• generally starts off with only an input source,
  some form of output, and a goal

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Artificial Intelligence

• Neural Network
• simulates the physical workings of the human mind
• generally starts off with only an input source,
  some form of output, and a goal
• learns by trial and error how a desired output
  affects the input

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Artificial Intelligence

• Neural Network
• simulates the physical workings of the human mind
• generally starts off with only an input source,
  some form of output, and a goal
• learns by trial and error how a desired output
  affects the input
• the gain controls the change rate of the firing
  threshold of the neurons which, in turn, controls
  how fast a system will learn or unlearn something

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Artificial Intelligence

• Natural Interface Applications

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Artificial Intelligence

• Natural Interface Applications
• Speech recognition computer can take dictation
  and perform requested actions

157
Artificial Intelligence

• Natural Interface Applications
• Speech recognition computer can take dictation
  and perform requested actions
• Natural language interfaces goal is a machine
  that can read a set of news articles on any topic
  and understand what it has read

158
Artificial Intelligence

• Natural Interface Applications
• Virtual reality characterized in terms of its
  immersiveness, which measures how real the
  simulated world feels and how well it can make
  users accept it as their own

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Artificial Intelligence

• Natural Interface Applications
• Virtual reality characterized in terms of its
  immersiveness, which measures how real the
  simulated world feels and how well it can make
  users accept it as their own
• Mental interfaces uses sensors mounted around
  the skull to read alpha brain waves measures
  brain activity and interprets it as a command

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids
• Robots machines capable of independent movement

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids
• Robots machines capable of independent movement
• Androids simulated humans

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids
• Robots machines capable of independent movement
• Androids simulated humans
• Visual perception computer security programs
  exist that recognize an individual human
  thumbprint or face

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids
• Robots machines capable of independent movement
• Androids simulated humans
• Visual perception computer security programs
  exist that recognize an individual human
  thumbprint or face
• Audio perception identifying a single voice and
  interpreting what is being said amid background
  noise is a goal of programmers

165
Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids
• Tactile perception robot must be able to feel
  an object AND must be able to sense how much
  pressure to apply to that object must be
  dexterous enough to perform small actions such as
  placing a chip at a precise spot in a circuit
  board

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids
• Tactile perception robot must be able to feel
  an object AND must be able to sense how much
  pressure to apply to that object must be
  dexterous enough to perform small actions such as
  placing a chip at a precise spot in a circuit
  board
• Locomotion most mobile robots use wheels or
  treads which limit mobility but make them easier
  to control

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Artificial Intelligence

• Robots as Androids
• Navigation robot can plot a course to a
  location using an internal map built up by a
  navigational perception system

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On the Horizon

• Based on the information presented in this
  chapter and your own experience, what do you
  think is on the horizon?