Mutations

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Mutations
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What Are Mutations?

• Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
• May occur in somatic cells (arent passed to
  offspring)
• May occur in gametes (eggs sperm) and be passed
  to offspring

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Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?

• Mutations happen regularly
• Almost all mutations are neutral
• Chemicals UV radiation cause mutations
• Many mutations are repaired by enzymes

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Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?

• Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result
  from somatic mutations
• Some mutations may improve an organisms survival
  (beneficial)

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Types of Mutations
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Chromosome Mutations

• May Involve
• Changing the structure of a chromosome
• The loss or gain of part of a chromosome

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Chromosome Mutations

• Five types exist
• Deletion
• Inversion
• Translocation
• Nondisjunction
• Duplication

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Deletion

• Due to breakage
• A piece of a chromosome is lost

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Inversion

• Chromosome segment breaks off
• Segment flips around backwards
• Segment reattaches

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Duplication

• Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated

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Translocation

• Involves two chromosomes that arent homologous
• Part of one chromosome is transferred to another
  chromosomes

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Translocation
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Nondisjunction

• Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
• Causes gamete to have too many or too few
  chromosomes
• Disorders
• Down Syndrome three 21st chromosomes
• Turner Syndrome single X chromosome
• Klinefelters Syndrome XXY chromosomes

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Chromosome Mutation Animation
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Gene Mutations

• Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
• May only involve a single nucleotide
• May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses,
  etc.

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Types of Gene Mutations

• Include
• Point Mutations
• Substitutions
• Insertions
• Deletions
• Frameshift

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Point Mutation

• Change of a single nucleotide
• Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution
  of ONE nucleotide in a gene

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Point Mutation

• Sickle Cell disease is the result of one
  nucleotide substitution
• Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

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Frameshift Mutation

• Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides
• Changes the reading frame like changing a
  sentence
• Proteins built incorrectly

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Frameshift Mutation

• Original
• The fat cat ate the wee rat.
• Frame Shift (a added)
• The fat caa tet hew eer at.

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Amino Acid Sequence Changed
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Gene Mutation Animation
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FYI
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Normal Male
2n 46
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Normal Female
2n 46
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Male, Trisomy 21 (Downs)
2n 47
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Female Downs Syndrome
2n 47
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Klinefelters Syndrome
2n 47
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Turners Syndrome
2n 45