Should we or shouldn

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Should we or shouldnt we?
Biotechnology Bioethics
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Biotechnology

• The application of scientific and engineering
  principles to biological agents to provide goods
  and services to better human life
• Many moral issues today are centered around
  genetic engineering via the manipulation of DNA

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Ethics

• Moral philosophy
• Discipline concerned with what is morally good
  and bad, right and wrong

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Bioethics

• Discipline dealing with the ethical implications
  of biological research and the applications of
  that research
• Deals with the questions relating to the
  appropriate use of new technologies

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There are no simple answers to ethical dilemmas.

• What will cause the greatest good for mankind?

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The Basics More

• A review

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23 Pairs 46 TOTAL Chromosomes
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Autosome vs. Sex Chromosome

• Autosomes -first 22 homologous pairs
• Sex Chromosomes last pair (23rd) that determine
  the sex of an individual

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Autosomal Traits

• 2 Types of Traits
• Autosomal Dominant
• AA, Aa carrier
• Autosomal Recessive
• aa

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Sex-Linked Traits on X

• Typically Recessive
• Expresses Trait Male - Xa Y Female - Xa Xa
• No Expression Male - XA Y Female - XA XA
  or XA Xa
• carrier
• 
  

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Biotechnology
Pedigrees

• DNA Fingerprint

• Karyotyping

GMO
Cloning
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• Karyotyping

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What are Chromosomal Mutations?

• Damage to chromosomes due to physical or chemical
  disturbances or errors during meiosis.
• Two Types of Chromosome Mutations
• Chromosome Structure
• Chromosome Number

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Problems with Chromosome Structure

1. Deletion during cell division, especially
   meiosis, a piece of the chromosome breaks off,
   may be an end piece or a middle piece (when two
   breaks in a chromosome occur).
2. Inversion a segment of the chromosome is turned
   180, same gene but opposite position
3. Translocation movement of a chromosome segment
   from one chromosome to a non-homologous
   chromosome
4. Duplication a doubling of a chromosome segment
   because of attaching a broken piece form a
   homologous chromosome, or by unequal crossing
   over.

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Problems with Chromosome Number

• Trisomy having three of a particular type of
  chromosome (2n 1)
• Monosomy only one of a particular type of
  chromosome (2n -1)
• Polyploidy having more than two sets of
  chromosomes triploids (3n 3 of each type of
  chromosome), tetraploids (4n 4 of each type of
  chromosome).

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How do you think Chromosomal Mutations with
differing number of chromosomes develops?

• Monosomy and Trisomy due to Nondisjunction
  members of homologous chromosomes do not move
  apart in Meiosis I or sister chromatids do not
  separate during Meiosis II leaves one cell with
  too few chromosomes and one cell with too many.
• Triploids develop from the fertilization of an
  abnormal diploid egg, produced from the
  nondisjunction of all chromosomes. Tetraploids
  develop from the failure of a 2n zygote to divide
  after replicating its chromosomes, subsequent
  mitosis would produce 4n embryo.
• Polyploidy is common in the plant kingdom,
  spontaneous origin of polyploid individuals plays
  important role in evolution of plants. In the
  animal kingdom, natural occurrence of polyploids
  is extremely rare. In general, polyploids are
  more nearly normal in appearance than having
  monosomy or trisomy, which is more disruptive to
  have one extra chromosome in a pair.

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• Pedigrees

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Pedigree genetic family tree

• Symbols and Rules
• Male Female
• Affected Unaffected Carrier
• Link parents together with a line and then make a
  vertical line to connect to offspring.

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Autosomal Dominant Pedigree

• Draw a Pedigree showing a cross between
  Heterozygous parents that have 2 boys and 2
  girls.
• Genotypes of Affected and Unaffected
• AA and Aa Affected aa Unaffected

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Autosomal Recessive Pedigree

• Draw a Pedigree showing a cross between
  Heterozygous parents that have 2 boys and 2
  girls.
• Genotypes of Affected and Unaffected
• AAUnaffected AaCarrier, Unaffected
  aaAffected

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Sex-Linked Recessive Pedigree

• Draw a Pedigree showing a cross between a Red
  eyed Male fruit fly and a Carrier Female fruit
  fly which have 2 males and 2 females. Red is
  dominant to white.
• Genotypes of Parents
• Male XR Y Female XR Xr

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Autosomal Dominant Traits

• Heterozygotes are affected
• Affected children usually have affected parents.
• Two affected parents can produce an unaffected
  child. (Aa x Aa)
• Two unaffected parents will not produce affected
  children. (aa x aa)
• Both males and females are affected with equal
  frequency.
• Pedigrees show no Carriers.

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Autosomal Recessive Traits

• Heterozygotes are Carriers with a normal
  phenotype.
• Most affected children have normal parents. (Aa
  x Aa)
• Two affected parents will always produce an
  affected child. (aa x aa)
• Two unaffected parents will not produce affected
  children unless both are Carriers. (AA x AA, AA
  x Aa)
• Affected individuals with homozygous unaffected
  mates will have unaffected children. (aa x AA)
• Close relatives who reproduce are more likely to
  have affected children.
• Both males and females are affected with equal
  frequency.
• Pedigrees show both male and female carriers.

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Sex-Linked Recessive Traits

• More males than females are affected.
• An affected son can have parents who have the
  normal phenotype. (XAY x XAXa)
• For a daughter to have the trait, her father must
  also have it. Her mother must have it or be a
  carrier. (XaY, XaXa, XAXa)
• The trait often skips a generation from the
  grandfather to the grandson.
• If a woman has the trait (XaXa), all of her sons
  will be affected.
• Pedigrees show only female carriers but no male
  carriers.

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Autosomal Dominant Disorders

• Dwarfism Polydactyly and Syndactyly
• Progeria

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Autosomal Recessive Disorders

• Congenital Deafness
• Sickle Cell anemia
• Albinism

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Sex-Linked Recessive Disorders

• Red/Green Colorblindness
• Hemophilia
• Deafness
• Cataracts

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• DNA Fingerprinting

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DNA Fingerprint

• DNA fragments show unique patterns from one
  person to the next.
• Used in paternity disputes and as forensic
  evidence.

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RFLP-pieces of DNA cut up by enzymes

• Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
  (RFLP)
• Nucleotide sequence variations in a region of DNA
  that generates fragment length differences
  according to the presence or absence of
  restriction enzyme recognition sites.

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Gel Electophoresis
RFLP animation
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Diagnose Disease
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Paternity Testing
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Forensics
DNA Fingerprinting Animation
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Genealogy
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Genealogy
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Making an EXACT copy of an individual

• Cloning

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Reproductive Cloning

• Creating a genetically identical organism
• Many animals have been successfully cloned

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• CloningHow it is done

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Industrial Cloning

• http//www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-255767
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Therapeutic Cloning

• Cloning Individual Human Cells
• Involves Stem cells precursor cells that give
  rise to specialized cells/multiple tissue types
• Allows for the generation of human tissue and
  organs
• Enhances our understanding of human development
  and serious medical conditions (cancer, birth
  defects, etc)
• Embryonic vs Adult Stem Cells

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Have we made a Human Clone?

• NOT YET

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VIDEO
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Eugenics

• An effort to breed better human beings
• Encourage good genes
• Discourage bad genes
• Fear of history
• Sterilization of the mentally ill in early
  America
• Nazi concentration camps

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Genetic Testing

• Individual risk assessment based upon a persons
  DNA profile
• DNA chip identifies genetic predispositions
• Potential for genetic discrimination
• DNA profiling? DNA banks?

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PreImplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

• Diagnosing inherited genetic disorders in
  vitro
• Choosing which embryos will be transferred to the
  uterus based upon desired traits
• Gender decisions
• Designer Babies?

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Are Designer Babies Real?
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Genetically Modified Organisms

• GMO

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How GMOs are made
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Transgenic Plants

• Engineered plants that contain novel genes from
  other species
• Results in new characteristics that make plants
  more desirable and useful to humans
• GMO Foods Video
• Are they safe to eat?
• How do they affect the ecosystem?

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Transgenic Animals

• Engineered animals that contain novel genes from
  other species
• Results in animals that are more desirable and
  useful to humans
• Goats VIDEO
• Are they safe to eat?
• Where do we draw the line?

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Xenotransplantation

• Harvesting organs from animals for organ
  transplantation into humans
• Severe Organ donor shortage
• Pigs Perfect match!
• Do we have the right? PETA
• Dangers of Creating New Human Viruses
• Video

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Finding a Balance

• Focusing on whether or not we could
• Instead of whether or not we should
• Weighing the Pros versus the Cons
• Acknowledging the tremendous responsibilities
  that must be faced with the information that we
  have acquired.