Dog Breeds

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Dog Breeds
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Question of the Day Feb 11

• Normal human zygote cells contain
• A. 23 chromosomes
• B. 44 chromosomes and an X and Y
• C. 46 chromosomes
• D. 44 chromosomes

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AGENDA Feb 11

• Big Question What is a karyotype?
• 1. Question of the Day
• 2. Introduction to Chapter 14
• 3. Karyotyping
• 4. Review and Homework
• Complete Lab and Discussion Questions

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• Chapter 14
• The Human
• Genome

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14-1 Human Heredity

• How many chromosomes does an adult human cell
  contain?
• Autosomes any chromosomes that are not sex
  chromosomes.
• Sex Chromosomes X and Y chromosomes that
  determine sex of individual.
• Normal Individuals represented as
• Males ? 46, XY
• Females ? 46, XX
• Solve a Punnett Square to predict sex of offspring

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Human Cell

• 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
• called autosomes
• 1 pair of sex chromosomes
• 23rd pair
• egg, sperm
• half the number of chromosomes
• egg carries an x, sperm carries a y or x

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Karyotype

• a picture of chromosomes that is laid out with
  homologous chromosomes paired.
• Numbered 1-23 in order of size
• What does the size of the chromosome indicate?

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Question of the DAY Feb 12

• Which statement is not true regarding homologous
  chromosomes?
• A. Specific genes are found at the same locus
• B. They have the same size
• C. Genes will express identical traits
• D. They are joined at the same centromere
  locations

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AGENDA Feb 12

• Big Question How is a pedigree used to predict
  the occurrence of genetic disorders?
• 1. Question of the Day
• 2. 14-1 Notes
• 3. Pedigree Practice Problems
• 4. Review and Homework
• Complete Lab and Discussion Questions
• DUE THURSDAY (YES we will be here).

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Genes and the Environment

• All of our inherited characteristics are governed
  by our genes.
• Many traits are polygenic.
• Other factors influence our phenotypes.
• Nutrition and Exercise
• Average height has increased 10 cm in the last
  200 years ? 3.93 inches
• U.S. and Europe

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Blood Group Genes

• How many different alleles control blood type?
• How is blood type expressed?
• How many different blood types are there?

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Blood Group Genes

• Rh blood groups
• Positive () Negative (-)
• Rh/Rh or Rh/Rh- Rh-/Rh-
• Blood Type AB-
• A allele and B allele 2 Rh- alleles

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Alleles Figure 14-6

• Dominant Some genetic disorders are expressed
  through these alleles
• Only requires one allele
• Recessive Most genetic disorders are
  transmitted through these alleles
• Codominant Sickle Cell Disease

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Pedigree Analysis

• rely on family histories and medical records to
  study humans
• pedigree diagram that follows the inheritance of
  a single trait through several generations

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AGENDA Feb 14

• Big Question How is a pedigree used to predict
  the occurrence of genetic disorders?
• 1. Question of the Day
• 2. Pedigree Practice Problems
• 3. Review and Homework
• HAND IN LABS

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Pedigrees record and trace the occurrences of
traits within a family.
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British Royal Family
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The Story of Anastasia
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DO NOW

• Explain why males cannot be carriers for
  sex-linked disorders.

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DO NOW Feb 18

• A mother (type AB blood) and a father (type A
  blood) have two children. What are the possible
  genotypes of the children. Show all possible
  combinations. Solve Punnett Squares to support
  your answer.

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DO NOW ANSWERED

• Sex-linked inheritance is directly connected to
  the X-chromosome. Males only have one
  X-chromosome and will always express this type of
  trait/disorder.
• Females have two X-chromosomes. Women only
  carrying one allele for the trait/disorder are
  carriers. Recessive traits/disorders will not be
  expressed unless both X-chromosomes carry the
  allele.

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AGENDA Feb 18

• Big Question What is Sex-linked Inheritance?
• 1. DO NOW
• 2. Chapter 13 Tests
• 3. Sex-linked Inheritance
• 4. Review and Homework

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14-2 Sex-linked Inheritance

• sex determination
• XX female
• XY male
• sex-linked genes genes located on the sex
  chromosomes
• almost always on the X chromosome
• Y chromosome contains a few genes for male
  development

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Sex-linked Inheritance

• any X chromosome-linked gene a male inherits is
  expressed, since they only have one
• gets passed from father to daughters, then
  daughters to their sons
• examples are hemophilia, colorblindness,
  Duchennes muscular dystrophy

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Human Genetic Disorders

• autosomal genetic disorders
• albinism
• recessive allele on chromosome 11
• cant produce melanin
• cystic fibrosis
• recessive allele on chromosome 7
• heavy mucus clogs lungs and breathing passageways

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DO NOW Feb 19

• Perform the following dihybrid cross.
• A homozygous long mane lion that is heterozygous
  for a loud roar mates with a lioness with a
  heterozygous long mane and a soft roar.
• What are the chances that one of the cubs will
  have a homozygous long mane and a soft roar?
• List all of the possible genotype and phenotype
  ratios.

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AGENDA Feb 19

• Big Question What is Sex-linked Inheritance?
• 1. DO NOW
• 2. Review selected HW problems
• 3. Chapter 13 Tests
• 4. More Genetic Disorders
• 5. The Human Genome Project
• 6. Review and Homework
• Read Section 14-2 Details of Genetics Disorders

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• tay sachs
• recessive allele on chromosome 15
• suffer from breakdown of the nervous system

• sickle cell disease
• recessive allele on chromosome 11
• produces an alternate form of hemoglobin that
  causes the red blood cells to become a sickle
  shape
• one DNA base changed
• Glutamic acid for Valine

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Sickle Cell Disease

• Allele very prominent in African Americans
• Carried by many individuals
• Connected to malaria a parasitic disease that
  affects red blood cells
• Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle cell
  are resistant to malaria
• When body destroys sickled cells, parasite
  causing malaria also destroyed.
• Low oxygen sickle shape cells clump together

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• PKU phenylketonuria
• recessive allele on chromosome 12
• causes mental retardation

• Huntingtons disease
• dominant allele on chromosome 4
• lose muscle control and nervous system breaks
  down

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AGENDA

• Big Question What is Sex-linked Inheritance?
• 1. DO NOW
• 2. Sex-linked Inheritance Section 7-2
• 3. Pedigree Practice
• 4. Closing Thoughts
• HAND IN YOUR KARYOTYPE LABS

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Chromosome Number Disorders

• occurs by nondisjunction when abnormal number of
  chromosomes are produced in the sex cells due to
  them not separating correctly

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Turners Syndrome

• either a sperm or an egg is produced without a
  sex chromosome
• XO genotype
• O means sex chromosome is missing

• sex organs are not fully developed
• can not have children
• only in females

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Klinefelter Syndrome

• have an extra X chromosome
• XXY genotype
• causes mental retardation
• can not reproduce
• only in males

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Down Syndrome

• trisomy 21
• means 3 copies of chromosome 21
• causes heart and circulatory problems, mental
  retardation, and a weakened immune system

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Other Causes of Disorders

• deletions can occur from pieces of chromosomes
  breaking off and getting lost in meiosis
• translocation when pieces of chromosomes break
  off and become reattached to another

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Prenatal Diagnosis

• want to detect if unborn child will have a
  disorder
• two ways
• amniocentesis withdraw fluid from sac around
  fetus
• chorionic villus sampling tissue surrounding
  fetus is removed and examined

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Special Topics in Human Genetics

• barr body dense region in the nucleus of most
  cells in human females
• condensed turned-off X chromosome
• not found in males because their one X chromosome
  is active
• happens in some tissues and in some cells

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AGENDA Feb 21

• Big Question What is the Human Genome Project?
• 1. CHAPTER 14 Problem Solving Test
• 2. Complete Chapter 14-3 Notes
• 3. Begin to Study for T2 Exam

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14-3 Testing for Alleles

• DNA probes specific DNA base sequences that
  detect the complementary base sequences found in
  disease causing alleles
• Cystic Fibrosis and Tay Sachs are examples that
  use DNA probes.

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DNA Fingerprinting

• Repeats are specific sequences of DNA unique to
  every individual
• Do not code for proteins
• Repeats cut with restriction enzymes
• Gel electrophoresis separates fragments
• Labeled with radioactive probes
• Forensics, detection of inherited diseases, and
  paternity cases

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Human Genome Project

• Human genome sequencing completed in 2003.
• Included sequencing of other organisms including
  E. coli, multiple strains of yeast, the fruit
  fly, the mosquito, the honey bee, the cow, the
  dog, the horse, and the rat.
• At least 18 countries have established human
  genome research programs.
• Australia, China, Germany, Italy, Russia, Sweden,
  and the United Kingdom are among the nations
  involved in the Human Genome Organization which
  coordinates international collaboration.

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Gene Therapy

• Replacement of an absent or faulty gene with a
  normal working gene.

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Gene Therapy
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DO NOW Feb 19

• Explain how autosomal recessive disorders are
  passed down from parent to offspring.

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DO NOW ANSWERED

• Autosomal recessive disorders require both
  parents to have at least one allele for the
  disorder. Each parent must then pass this
  recessive allele on to their child.
• The genotype for a child with a recessive
  disorder of this type is aa, ee, tt, etc.
• Both alleles are recessive (lower-case)