More Medieval Europe

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More Medieval Europe
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England

• Settled by Celts, the Germanic Tribes Jutes,
  Angles, Saxons
• 11th C. Invaded by the Normans led by William the
  Conqueror
• Normans were of Viking descent, Normandy France
• Last successful invasion of England Battle of
  Hastings 1066
• William ordered a census called the Domesday Book
  for taxing purposes

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Crusades

• 1094-1291
• Called by Pope Urban II to retake Holy Land
  (Jerusalem) from Muslims
• Pope said
• God Wills It!
• Forgiveness of sins, Killing heathens OK
• Appealed to
• Nobles who wanted new land
• Merchants wanted increased trade
• Serfs who wanted freedom
• Adventurers

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More Crusades

• First Crusade (1096)
• Christians took Holy Land
• 1187 Muslims retook city led by Saladin
• Third Crusade (1189)
• Led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip
  Augustus of France, and Richard the Lion-Hearted
  of England
• Did not recapture city, but Saladin allowed
  Christian Pilgrims passage to Jerusalem
• Other Crusades
• Womens Crusade, Childrens Crusade

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Effects of Crusades

• breakdown of feudalism
• weakened serfdom
• fled to cities, freedom in Crusades
• Weakened nobility
• Sold land to pay for Crusades
• Killed in Crusades
• Stimulated Trade
• demand for luxury goods, like spices, citrus
  foods, coffee, and silks
• Europeans learned to build better ships, make
  more accurate maps, use the magnetic
• Encouraged learning
• Muslims had preserved classical learning,
  universities, libraries

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Magna Carta

• 1215
• King John of England demanded more taxes from
  lords
• Forced by the nobles to sign Magna Carta (Great
  Charter)
• 1st document to limit monarch
• No imprisonment without Trial by Jury
• Consulting with Lords before taxing (later
  becomes Parliament)
• No interference with Church authority
• Monarch must obey laws

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Church Structure

• Pope (Pontiff) head of the Christian Church
• Cardinal 2nd highest elects pope
• Bishop churchman over several churches in a
  territory
• Priest churchman over a single church (parish)

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Power of the Church

• religious duties of clergy (priests)
• gave the sacraments, or church rituals, to
  parishioners, like baptism, confirmation,
  matrimony
• conducted mass (formal church service) in Latin
  so that most people couldnt understand
• couldnt marry
• other religious personnel
• monks (called brothers) were men who did
  religious work from a monastery took vows of
  chastity, obedience, poverty, sometimes silence
• nuns (called sisters) were women who did
  religious work from a convent took the same
  vows as monks

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Lay Investiture

• Popes and Kings claimed right to appoint Church
  officials
• Kings because gave the fief, they were vassal
• Popes because of Religious authority
• 1077 Pope Gregory VII ordered monarchs not to
  appoint church officials
• Henry IV King of Germany and HRE defied him
• Greg excommunicated deposed Henry
• Henry went to Canossa (Popes retreat) and begged
  in the snow barefoot for three days
• Pope forgave him
• Concordant of Worms 1122
• Only Church could appoint officials
• Rulers could give them fiefs

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Great Schism

• French archbishop Clement V elected Pope in 1305
• Moved court from Rome to Avignon in France
• known as the Babylonian Captivity because head
  of church has always been in Rome.
• After a series of French popes, Gregory XI moved
  back to Rome in 1377. At his death, mobs in Rome
  forced the College of Cardinals to elect a
  Italian Pope
• Cardinals decided that he wasnt the true pope
  and elected another one who went to Avignon
• Finally settled with a Church council in 1417 but
  seriously weakened the Church

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Middle Middle Dailies

• What did Pope Urban tell people to get them to go
  on the Crusade?
• Give three way in which the Magna Carta limited
  the king.
• How did the Crusades lead to the end of
  feudalism?
• Describe the agreement reached about the Lay
  Investiture Controversy at the Concordant at
  Worms.
• Why was the Great Schism also known as the
  Babylonian Captivity?

Pope Urban IIs speech at the Council of Clermont