The Renaissance

1
The Renaissance

• Describe three of the great changes that occurred
  in Europe during the Renaissance.
• Explain the influence Petrarch had on the
  Renaissance in .Europe
• Identify the practices within the Roman Catholic
  Church that led to the Reformation.
• Explain how peoples thinking changed during the
  Renaissance.
• Explain the effects that the Renaissance
  continues to have on us today.

2
The Duomo of Florence
3
The Awakening

• Italy consisted of many city-states, but three
  were very important.
• Florence
• Milan
• Venice
• These were the sites of trade and commerce (the
  buying and selling of large quantity of goods.
• Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance.
• The Renaissance was the intellectual and
  economic movement that saw a revived interest in
  the art, social, and scientific, and political
  ideas of ancient Greece and Rome.

4
Italian City-States
5
Petrarch

• A poet and a scholar
• A powerful influence on the early Renaissance
• He encouraged people to seek out and study the
  philosophy and literature of the past.
• He encouraged people to speak and write
  thoughtfully.
• The style is the man.
• Careless expression was the sign of careless
  thought.

6
The Awakening

• As markets grew, merchants, bankers, and trades
  people became more prosperous.
• They wanted fine clothing and jewelry.
• The Renaissance spread to England, France,
  Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain.

7
Art in the Renaissance
8
Art in the Renaissance

• The Renaissance began in Italy for several
  reasons.
• Ancient ruins could be seen all over the Italian
  Peninsula.
• Trade made the Italian city-states wealthy.
• The wealthy people would hire artists to create
  beautiful works of art.
• Unlike medieval European artists, Renaissance
  painters and sculptors portrayed people and
  nature realistically.

9
Renaissance Artists

• They were inspired by Greek and Roman artists.
• They mastered the art of the perspective
  objects in paintings are closer or farther from
  their viewer.
• They gave depth to pictures as well as proportion
  to people, things, and buildings.

10
The Betrothal of the Arnolfini
11
Raphaels School of Athens
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Famous Renaissance Artists

• Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci
  were famous Renaissance artists.
• Some people considered them to be geniuses.
• Raphael was noted for his portraits of the Mother
  of Jesus.
• He mastered perspective and architecture.

13
Michelangelo

• Not only a painter, but the finest sculptor of
  the Renaissance.
• He painted the Sistine Chapel in fresco and
  sculpted the Pieta.
• He carefully chose marble blocks by visiting the
  quarries where they were mined.
• He would visit the mine before the sun rose and
  wait to see how the sun shone through the marble
  in order to recognize flaws.

14
Pieta
15
The Sistine Chapel
16
Leonardo da Vinci

• A painter, sculptor, engineer, and a scientist.
• His most famous paintings were the Mona Lisa and
  The Last Supper.
• He created statues of men and horses.
• As a scientist, he investigated optics (the study
  of light and vision), and dissected human bodies
  to study anatomy.

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Mona Lisa
18
The Last Supper
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Leonardo Da Vinci

• Leonardo Da Vinci is believed to be the first
  person to draw the human body accurately.
• He experimented with mechanics, the study of
  forces on solids, liquids and gases.
• He build models of aircrafts, a parachute, tanks,
  machine guns, and moveable bridges.
• He wrote books backwards so they had to be held
  up to a mirror.
• He didnt want everyone to read what he
  everything he wrote.

20
Leonardo Da Vincis Flying Machine
21
Revolution in Science

• Renaissance thinkers believe people should use
  reasoned thought and the scientific method to
  understand how the world works.
• Two very influential scientists were Copernicus
  and Galileo.
• Both were astronomers and both taught that the
  Earth moves around the sun.

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Copernicus

• Copernicus taught at the University of Cracow in
  Poland.
• His studies led him to believe that the Earth was
  not the center of the universe.
• He wrote his ideas in 1510 but did not allow them
  to be published until 1540.

23
Galileo

• He lived in Italy and taught at the University of
  Pisa.
• He spoke out in favor of Copernicus ideas and
  was criticized by the Catholic Church.
• He built an improved telescope and became the
  first person to point it to the sky.
• He used it to study the sky.

24
Galileo

• Galileos studies challenged the Catholic Church
  and they placed him on trial.
• He was put on house arrest for the rest of his
  life.
• He still described the motion of pendulums and
  the physics of motion.

25
Renaissance Inventions

• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press
  that used movable type, or small reusable metal
  pieces for each letter or number.
• In 1455 he introduced a Bible printed on his
  printing press.
• Up until this time, books had to be written by
  hand.
• The printing press produced books far more
  quickly and allowed books to become more
  affordable for the middle class.

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The Printing Press

• Invented by Johannes Gutenberg.
• Produced books far more quickly than they could
  by hand.
• The demand for books grew and the book trade
  flourished.
• Books were made more affordable for the educated
  middle class.
• People became more literate and the economy
  strengthened.

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Other Inventions

• Leonardo Da Vinci experimented with mechanics,
  but many of his inventions were too advanced for
  his time.
• The watch was created in the early 1500s.
• A mainspring was created so clocks didnt have to
  be operated by fallen weights and remain
  stationary.
• A compound microscope was later improved upon and
  a single lens microscope was created in 1670 that
  could magnify and object 270 times its real size.
• The air thermometer was invented in 1592.

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The Need for Church Reform

• Problems with the Church
• The Church became wealthy and with wealth came
  corruption.
• The Church sold indulgences, or pardons from
  punishment for sins.
• Originally, indulgences could be received by
  doing charity or fasting, but now people could
  buy them.
• Indulgences were given to crusaders who fought in
  the war.

29
Martin Luther

• He believed Christians should not be judged by
  the good works they perform, but by their belief
  in God.
• He challenged the Church by posting 95 theses and
  attacked the sale of indulgences.
• He believed people should read and interpret the
  Bible themselves. The church said only the pope
  or other church officials should do this.
• Martin Luther called for a debate.

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Reactions to Martin Luther

• The church excommunicated, or expelled, Martin
  Luther from the Church.
• Martin Luther was asked to take back his
  statements but he said he could not.
• People who followed his beliefs became Lutherans.
• Other groups started to break away from the
  Church.
• The Reformation began in which people wanted to
  reform or change the church.
• This began a movement known as Protestantism.

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The Catholic Church Responds

• The Catholic Church calls the Council of Trent.
• These efforts were known as The
  Counter-Reformation.
• Roman Catholics still accepted that only the
  Church could explain the Bible.
• The believed the pope was the highest authority
  in church.
• The church began a ban on the selling of
  indulgences.
• The Catholic Church was again split between
  Catholics and Protestants.