Recognizing the Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology

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Recognizing the Agricultural Applications of
Biotechnology
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Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards
Addressed!

• MS-LS1-1. Conduct an investigation to provide
  evidence that living things are made of cells
  either one cell or many different numbers and
  types of cells. Clarification Statement
  Emphasis is on developing evidence that living
  things are made of cells, distinguishing between
  living and non-living cells, and understanding
  that living things may be made of one cell or
  many and
• varied cells.
• MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence
  for how the body is a system of interacting
  subsystems composed of groups of cells.
  Clarification Statement Emphasis is on the
  conceptual understanding that cells form tissues
  and tissues form organs specialized for
  particular body functions. Examples could include
  the interaction of subsystems within a system and
  the normal functioning of those systems.
  Assessment Boundary Assessment does not include
  the mechanism of one body system independent of
  others. Assessment is limited to the circulatory,
  excretory, digestive, respiratory, muscular, and
  nervous systems.

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Bell Work!

• How does biotechnology affect
• reproduction in animals?
• Do you believe cloning is ethical?
• Should we pre-determine the sex of an
• Animal?

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Lesson Objectives

• Objective 1 Explain the latest applications of
  biotechnology in plant, animal, and food science
  research.
• Objective 2 Describe the basic processes of
  genetic engineering.
• Objective 3 Explain the basic steps of
  recombinant DNA technology.
• Objective 4 Define and describe DNA
  fingerprinting.
• Objective 5 Explain the steps in basic plant
  tissue culture.

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Scientific developments in agriculture have
resulted in rapid changes.

• Science has resulted in advanced methods of
  cloning or reproducing organisms genetically
  identical to the parents.

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• Plant tissue culture is a cloning process in
  which single plant cells or groups of cells are
  grown in an artificial medium under sterile
  conditions.

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• Embryo splitting involves removing an embryo from
  its mother, splitting the embryo, and placing
  each half into a different animals uterus for
  development.

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• Asexual reproduction of plants by seed without
  fertilization that results in plants identical to
  the female plant is known as apomixis.

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The reproductive capacities of animals have been
improved.
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• Superovulation is a practice in which animals are
  induced to produce many more eggs than normal
  during their estrus cycle.

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Superovulation Results!
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• The method of removing embryos from a mother and
  placing them in other females for development is
  called embryo transfer.

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Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of
genetic material within the cell.

• Recombinant DNA technology involves removing tiny
  amounts of DNA from one organism and inserting
  them into the DNA of another organism.
• Recombinant DNA technology is also known as gene
  splicing.

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• The process of moving DNA fragments from one cell
  to another is transformation.
• Transgenic organisms are those that have been
  altered through transformation.

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Basic challenges of recombinant DNA technology

• locating genetic material
• removing the material
• transferring the material into the DNA of another
  organism.

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• Gene coding for specific functions needs to be
  located on the DNA before recombinant DNA
  technology is applied.
• 1. A complete complement of genetic material in
  an organism is the genome.
• 2. Locating and recording the site of specific
  genes within the chromosomes is gene mapping.
• Selected portions of DNA containing the desired
  gene are cut with a restriction enzyme.

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• The DNA fragments are fused or attached through a
  ligation process to form a recombinant molecule.
• A vector is an agent, commonly bacteria or
  viruses, that transfers the DNA into a cell.
• Small pieces of DNA in bacteria known as plasmids
  are the principal vector used to insert genetic
  material into cells.

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DNA Fingerprinting

• DNA fingerprinting is a genetic tool which
  identifies like a fingerprint because comparisons
  produce a unique pattern that can identify an
  individual.

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How does it work?

• Electrophoresis is the process by which DNA
  fragments are drawn through an agarose gel from a
  negative to a positive charge due to the negative
  charge of the phosphate group on the single
  strand DNA.
• The technique used to transfer DNA patterns for
  reading is called Southern blotting.

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Southern Blotting Technique

• Matching fingerprints
• Compare each line of the one that you knowto the
  lines in the same position on each ofthe
  possible matching fingerprints.
• If there is one line that does not match
  inlocation or size, that one is eliminated
  fromthe process.
• A match must have all lines in the sameposition
  and of the same size.

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• Parental disputes
• Identify the bands of the known parent in the
  offspring.
• Remaining bands in offspring must come from the
  other parent.
• If remaining bands in offspring do notmatch,
  paternity is disproved.

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Tissue culture is a very technical form of
asexual reproduction.

• Steps in successful tissue culture require
  aseptic or sterile conditions.
• Small pieces of plant material or individual
  cells, explants, are removed from the mother
  plant.
• Explants are cleaned and grown on an agar media
  in test tubes or other glass laboratory
  containers, a process known as in vitro.

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• Callous or a group of undifferentiated cells
  form.
• The cells are transferred to a media with
  appropriate hormones where they differentiate and
  form plantlets.

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