Rome

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Rome The Rise of ChristianityChapter 6
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Early Rome

• Location! Location! Location!
• Great Climatemild/damp ? perfect for farming
• Supported large population
• Natural barriers
• Alps in North
• Waterways
• Rivers (Tiber River)
• Center of Mediterranean Sea
• Boot shaped peninsula

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• 18 miles inland
• Easy access to sea
• Protected by hills
• Major traffic route both Rome Italy

Early Rome
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First Romans

• Legend Romulus Remus
• Twins of Mars god Latin princess
• Reality
• Latins
• Founded original city in Rome? First Romans
• Greeks
• Southern Italy Sicily
• Sculpture, architecture, literature
• Etruscans
• Skilled metalworkers engineers

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First Romans

• Etruscans conquered Rome became rulers -
  Monarchy
• Contributed alphabet (got it from the Greeks)
  the arch (critical support for buildings
• Toga, military structure, harsh rulers
• 509 B.C. Romans revolt, overthrow king
  Etruscans
• Vow to never be dominated
• Establish a republic
• Republic
• Form of government vote for representatives
• Power is with citizens
• Free-born male citizens have right to vote

Lucius Junius Brutus Founder of the Republic 1st
Consul
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Timeline
1-99.
500 B.C.
500 A.D.
100 A.D.

• B.C. Before Christ
• ? BCEBefore Common Era
• A.D. Anno Domini After Death
• CECommon Era
• NO YEAR 0!!

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Early Republic - Government

• Patricians- 10
• Wealthy landowners
• Aristocrats
• Privileged
• Plebeians - 90
• Townspeople, merchants, shopkeepers, farmers
• Class struggles
• Council of Plebs, Tribunes protect them
• By 4th Century BC, they can become Consuls
• By 3rd Century, they make laws

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Early Republic - Government

• Consuls (Executive Branch)
• 2 consuls (1 lead army 1 lead government)
• Power of veto
• Senate (Legislative Branch)
• 300 members
• Mostly Patricians
• Dictator
• Leader given absolute power for limited time 6
  months
• Forumcenter for public life
• Built by Etruscans

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Early Republic - Roman Law

• Twelve Tables
• Roman law written on bronze tablets
• All Roman citizens treated equally
• Presumes innocence
• Allows defense
• Judges must weigh evidence
• Law of Nations
• Universal law applies to all

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The Early Republic

• Roman Army
• Great value placed on army
• Very disciplined organized
• Land owners required to serve
• Legions Military unit of about 5,000
• Century Legions divided into groups of 80
• Infantry foot soldiers
• Cavalry horseback, supports Legions

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Roman Expansion - Punic Wars

• Battles with Carthage North Africa
• 1st Sea battle over Sicily Rome wins
• 2nd Hannibals success, but ultimate failure
• 50,000 men, 60 war elephants, horses cross the
  Alps
• Battle of Cannae Romans lose 40,000 men, but
  still fight
• Battle of Zama Romans crush Hannibal in Carthage

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Hannibals Route
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General Hannibal Crossing Alps
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• Romans take Hannibal 2nd Punic War

• 3rd Punic War Romans sack Carthage
• Burn, destroy and sell people into slavery

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• Why so successful?
• Romans believed duty, courage, discipline
• Good diplomats
• Gained loyalty, obedience, respect
• Practical law politics
• Military excelled
• Built roads towns troop mobility, trade,
  connected towns

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• 2nd Century 3.5 million sq miles
• Over 50 million people

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Roman Empire

• Around 2nd Century B.C. republic begins to
  collapse
• Gap between rich poor widens
• Enslaved people 1/3rd of population
• Small farmers cant compete with wealthy estate
  owners become poor
• Poor made up 1/4th of free population
• Very high unemployment

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From Republic to Empire

• 2nd Century BC wealthy govern Rome Senate
• Many farmers lose land to rich
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus rich men suggest
  giving land back to poor senators kill them

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Generals Take Control

• Roman Generals promise land to volunteers to join
  their armies
• Soldiers people place loyalty with generals
  instead of Roman city-state
• Soldiers fight for pay, not country

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Civil Wars

• Form 1st Triumvirate 60 BC
• 3 Rulers with equal power

Julius Caesar
Crassus
Pompey
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1st Triumvirate

• Senate splits the Consulate into 3 parts
• Pompey Roman General, ran Italy North Africa
• Crassus Roman Politician, ran East Roman
  Republic
• Julius Caesar Roman General, ran Spain, and
  Gaul (France)

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Civil Wars

• Crassus dies fighting in the Parthians in the
  east
• Senate wants Pompey to rule alone
• Senate orders Caesar to give up his command in
  Gaul, leave his military there, return to Rome
• Instead, Caesar marches army to Rome, crosses the
  Rubicon River illegally which starts civil war
  with Pompey Caesar wins
• By 44 BC Caesar is a dictator with absolute power

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• Caesars Reforms
• Created jobs, extended citizenship to more
  people, increased soldier pay, increased senate
  to 900 members.
• Popular with the masses, unpopular with the
  original senate. They assassinated him in 44 BC
• Now what do
• They do?
• Another
• Triumvirate!

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Beware the Ides of March

• Leading senators, led by Marcus Brutus, kill him
  in the senate
• Stabbed 23 times by 60 men
• Legends
• His wife begged him not to go to Senate that day
  dreamtof his death
• Soothsayer warned Beware the Ides of March (the
  15th), which was the day he was killed

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2nd Triumvirate

• Ruled for 10 yrs
• Octavian grand nephew, heir of Caesar
• Mark Antony one of Caesars most trusted
  friends
• Lepidus another of Caesars strong supporters
  retires
• Octavian Antony divide Roman world in half

• Mark Antony Cleopatra

• Antony goes to Egypt falls in love w/Cleopatra
• Civil War again!
• Who wins?
• Octavian at Actium

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Age of Augustus

• Octavian proclaimed "restoration of the Republic"
  in 27 B.C.
• Gave some power to Senate
• Became Rome's first emperor
• Senate awarded him title of Augustus, or "the
  revered one" imperator, or commander in chief
• He began a 200-year period of Pax Romana
• Roman peace
• Developed a bureaucracy to run the country
• Supported coins, roads, and a navy to promote
  trade

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Pax Romana

• Growth of cities spread Roman culture, law,
  Latin language in western part of empire
• Mixture of Roman and Greek culture called the
  Greco-Roman civilization
• Early empire was prosperous
• Internal peace helped trade grow went beyond
  empire's frontiers, even including silk goods
  from China
• Large amounts of grain were imported to feed
  poor, and luxury items came in for the rich

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Pax Romana

• Roman world grew
• Hadrian built defenses along border
• Hadrians Wall built in Northern Britain to keep
  out Picts Scots
• More more difficult to defend borders of Roman
  empire

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The Rise of Christianity

• Origins of Christianity
• Roots Jewish beliefs
• one God (monotheism)
• Covenant between man and God (contract)
• Messiah would save the faithful from peril
• Abraham, Noah, Moses

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• Jesus of Nazareth
• Born around 4 BC, most information is in the New
  Testament of the Bible
• (Old Testament is Jewish Tradition)
• By 30, he has started his own following
• Belief in one God
• Personal relationship with that God
• 10 Commandments
• Love your neighbor, enemy, and God
• Repent for sins, and you will be forgiven

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• Jesus of Nazareth
• 12 key followers called Apostles, spread the
  religion after his death
• Roman Government didnt like his popularity
  large crowds
• Jewish leaders felt threatened by his teachings
• Referring to him as King challenged Roman
  government
• Governor arrested him and crucified him, the
  traditional punishment for treason
• The cross will be come to be the main symbol of
  Christianity
• Jesus was buried, 3 days later, body was gone,
  apostles believed he had gone to heaven, proving
  he was the Messiah

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• Christianity and the Empire
• Apostles spread Christianity among Jews and
  non-Jews
• Appealing alternative to Roman Religion,
  especially to the poor
• All classes are welcome
• Better life after death
• God was personal

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• Christians and Jews were problems for Rome
• 70 AD Rome destroyed the Jewish temple
• 132 AD Rome spreads the Jews out across the
  Empire. (the Diaspora)
• Christians refused to worship Roman gods or the
  emperor, or serve in the military. (killing is
  forbidden)
• Emperors ranged from ignoring them, to
  persecuting them

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Rise of Christianity
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• Constantine converted to Christianity in 313 AD,
  made Christianity legal in the Empire
• Theodosius made it the official religion in 380 AD

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Roman Culture

• Slaves1/3rd total population
• Important to economy
• Property of owners
• Harsh, cruel life
• Some males made into gladiators
• gtmillion died trying to gain freedom
• No rebellions successful Spartacus

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Roman Culture

• Gods Goddesses
• Jupiter, Juno, Minerva
• Honored them through rituals to gain favor
  avoid bad things from happening
• Govt religion linked
• Romans were expected to worship them privately
  publicly
• Must also worship emperor

• Society Culture
• Classes wide apart
• Rich live in luxury
• Most people could barely survive
• Little food poor living conditions
• Distracted people so they wouldnt rebel
• Free grain
• Games, gladiator battles, animals at Colosseum
• Lots of holidays

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Roman Legacy-Western Civilization

• Greco-Roman culture
• Mixture of Greek, Roman and Hellenistic cultures
• Romans admired Greek art, architecture,
  literature, philosophy, language
• Referred to as Classical civilization
• Romans copied, but added their own ideas also to
  create new style
• Learned to create sculptures, bas-relief,
  mosaics, painting, frescoes
• Philosophy stoicism virtue, duty, moderation
  endurance
• Wrote poems epic novels

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Roman Legacy-Western Civilization

• Roman influence is greatest in Europe U.S.
• Government, Philosophy, Literature
• Latin Language
• Romance languages come from Latin French,
  Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian
• Over half English words have Latin base
• Architecture
• Arch critical for building structures
• Domes, aqueducts, bridges, Colosseum
• Many buildings in US include Roman features
• Government Law
• Laws eventually applied to everyone
• Many countries base their legal systems on Roman
  law

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The Roman Colosseum
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The Colosseum Interior
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The Roman Forum Center of Roman Life
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Roman Aqueducts
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Circus Maximus
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Fall of the Empire

• Political upheaval 28 emperors in 90 years 22
  murdered
• Economic Military problems inflation,
  invasions, civil wars, plagues cause economic
  collapse
• Germanic tribes over-run western borders
• 1st Visigoths, then Vandals, Huns, etc.

• Military in disarray
• Less discipline, loyalty
• Govt recruits mercenaries

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Reform Attempts

• Diocletian splits empire into 2 halves east
  west
• 2 co-rulers
• When he retires, civil war breaks out
• Constantine wins moves capital from Rome to
  Byzantium (Turkey)
• Constantinople - strategic location for trade,
  defense, beautiful buildings
• 1st Christian emperor stops persecution of
  Christians
• Western empire falls
• Eastern thrives
• Byzantine Empire
• Fell in 1453

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